1. www.asthma-workplace.com

2. Program: CIHR Centers for Research Development: Understanding/Addressing Physico-Social Environment, Financial partners: IRSST and Lung Associations of Canada and of Québec 13 researchers of various disciplines of UdM and McGill, as well as scientific (IRSST) and strategic partners (Québec CSST and WCBs of Atlantic provinces, Montreal Public Health) Annual budget of 400 000 $ (2003-2009) for supporting 1) studentships and fellowships, 2) initiation of projects (7/yr) and 3) continuous education of health professionals See details on website: www.asthma-workplace.com

3. Acknowledgements and thanks  The Canadian Occupational Health Nurses Association and the Occupational Health Nurses Association of Nova Scotia.  The organizers of this meeting.  Mme Sylvie Daigle, coordinator of the Center for Asthma in the Workplace.  Lecturers and coordinators of workshops. And all attendees !

4. General aim Inform and motivate health professionals on the importance of reducing referral delays in order to improve the prognosis of occupational asthma. Specific aims Explain the nature of the problem. Identify causal agents. Describe investigational tools. Be informed on the different steps to be included in surveillance programs and in assessing specific workers. Know on the natural history and persistence.

5. Asthma in the workplace: General considerations Jean-Luc Malo MD, professor, Université de Montréal, chest physician, clinical researcher, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal Supported by: Instituts canadiens de recherche en santé Institut Robert-Sauvé en santé et sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST) L’Association pulmonaire du Canada et l’Association pulmonaire du Québec

6. Suggested references 1.Book Bernstein IL, Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL, Bernstein DI. Asthma in the Workplace. New York, Francis & Taylor 2006. 2.Summary article Malo JL, Chan-Yeung M. Occupational asthma. Journal of Allergy & Clin Immunol 2001; 108:317-328. 3. Series Controversies in occupational asthma. Six articles in the Eur Respir J 2003 UptoDate : four articles Proceedings of the first and second Jack Pepys Occupational Asthma Symposium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 ; 167 : 450-471; An ATS/ERS Report: 100 key questions and needs in occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 2006; 27:607-614. 4. WEB sites Asthma in the workplace Center: asthma-workplace.com CSST : asthme.csst.qc.ca/

7. 1.Definitions 2.Frequency and risk factors 3.Mechanisms 4. Identification and diagnosis 5. Medicolegal aspects 6. As a model for asthma Asthma in the workplace

8. Asthma caused by the workplace (occupational asthma ) With a latency period Without a latency period « Irritant-induced asthma » or « Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome » Asthma exacerbated by the workplace Variants of asthma ex: eosinophilic bronchitis; “potroom asthma”

9. “Occupational asthma is a disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and/or hyperresponsiveness and/or inflammation due to causes and conditions attributable to a particular occupational environment and not to stimuli encountered outside the workplace.” Editors of Asthma in the Workplace: Bernstein IL, Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL, Bernstein DI, 3rd ed. Definition of occupational asthma

10. Confirmation of the “causal” relationship : changes in airway caliber (~ 20%) ± changes in bronchial responsiveness ± induction of airway inflammation (control asthmatic subjects do not react) Occupational asthma with a latency period

11. Occupational asthma without a latency period (“irritant-induced asthma”) Diagnosis based on the history : inhalation accident with acute respiratory symptoms. Possibility of several “less intense” inhalation accidents. What does “without a latency” mean ?

12. Asthma exacerbated at work Symptomatic status exacerbated at work. How to document it with objective means ? How to differentiate this condition from occupational asthma ?

13. 1.Definitions 2.Frequency and risk factors 3.Mechanisms 4. Identification and diagnosis 5. Medicolegal aspects 6. As a model for asthma Asthma in the workplace

14. Frequency of asthma in the workplace 1.Meta-analysis: ~ 9% of adult-onset asthmatic subjects report that their asthma is worse at work ( Blanc P, 1999) 2. Prevalence in the general population: surveys in general populations and answer to the following question : is your asthma worse at work, better at weekends and in vacation ? 5-35 % of adult asthmatic subjects answer yes (studies in Spain, Europe and several countries) 3. Prevalence in adult-onset asthmatic subjects seen in a tertiary care hospital clinic : 15 % (Tarlo et al. 1999) 4.Sentinel-based projects: SWORD (UK), SENSOR (USA), OBSERVATOIRE (France) PROPULSE (Québec) : 10-100 / million workers

15. 5. Medicolegal statistics: Finland (175 / million workers) and Québec (15 / million workers) 6. Prevalence studies in high-risk workplaces: < 5 % for high-molecular-weight agents 5 to 10% for low-molecular-weight agents 7. Incidence studies of probable occupational asthma: high-risk professions (Gautrin D et al. 1997 onwards) in person-year: 7.9% (animal health), 4.2% (bakers), 2.5% (dental hygiene) Frequency of asthma in the workplace

17. Agents * Occupations Flour and cerealsBakers IsocyanatesSpray-painters, plastic industries WooddustsCarpenters SeafoodSeafood plants, restaurants MetalsWelders Resins, gluesVarious AnimalsTechnicians, professionals Latex and drugsHealth professionals * in bold : high-molecular-weight agents; others are low- molecular-weight agents.

18. * en noir: agents dits de faible poids moléculaire en bleu: agents dits de haut poids moléculaire

19. Agents causing occupational asthma without a latency period Agents with irritant properties : vapors and aerosols, more frequently than dusts. Chlorine and ammoniac are the leading causes.

20. Relevance of skin reactivity to ubiquitous aeroallergens ? Identification of atopy…but 1.~ 50% of the general population is atopic; 2.Atopy is associated with occupational asthma due to high-molecular-weight agents only but the association is weak Relevance of smoking history ? Occupatinal asthma is weakly associated with smoking for a minority of agents. Personal risk factors Relevance of genes ?

21. Gautrin D et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:899-904

22. 1.Definitions 2.Frequency and risk factors 3.Mechanisms 4. Identification and diagnosis 5. Medicolegal aspects 6. As a model for asthma Asthma in the workplace

23. Type of occupational asthmaMechanisms Occupational asthma with a latency periodIgE (high-molecular-) weight agents ? (low-molecular- weight agents) Occupational asthma without a latency period (irritant-induced asthma)unknown Asthma exacerbated at workunknown

24. 1.Definitions 2.Frequency and risk factors 3.Mechanisms 4. Identification and diagnosis 5. Medicolegal aspects 6. As a model for asthma Asthma in the workplace

25.  occupational asthma is a disease that can be cured : importance of early removal (one year or less after onset of symptoms)  disease that affects young workers : sensitization and symptoms mainly occur in the first years after starting exposure  currently, 75% of workers are left with permanent asthma (though mild) Why should we consider intervention programs ?

26. 1.Definitions 2.Frequency and risk factors 3.Mechanisms 4. Identification and diagnosis 5. Medicolegal aspects 6. As a model for asthma Asthma in the workplace

27. In Canada  Asthma is accepted as an occupational lung disease by all provincial medicolegal authorities.  Ideally, diagnosis should be confirmed by objective means. Assessment of permanent impairment/disability two years or more after cessation of exposure

28. Evaluation of 134 cases accepted by the Québec CSST, 1986-1988 *  On average… symptoms had started four years after starting exposure  8 % workers still unemployed two years after diagnosis (retraining into a new job in 22% workers)  total cost (readaptation + permanent disability) : ~ $ 50 000  satisfactory quality of life after two years. * Dewitte JD et al. Eur Respir J 1994; 7:969

29. Malo JL, Ghezzo H. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:1304

30. Maghni K et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:367

31. Scale for assessing permanent impairment/disability Based on airway caliber and hyperreponsiveness as well as need for medication (inhaled steroids). (other items: dose of inhaled steroids, use of long-acting bronchodilator, sputum cells). Endorsed by the American Medical Association.

33. 1. Definitions 2. Frequency and risk factors 3. Mechanisms 4. Identification and diagnosis 5. Medicolegal aspects 6. As a model for asthma Asthma in the workplace

34. Natural history of occupational asthma and of asthma onset of exposure sensitization occupational asthma end of exposure cure or persis- tence of asthma Rhinoconjunctivitis; onset of airway inflammation host markers: genetic; atopy; level of bronchial respon- siveness; smoking, psychosocial agent: nature, concentration; duration of exposure; other factors: viral infections, pollutants, smoking, etc. level of bronchial responsiveness duration of exposure, duration of exposure after onset of symptoms, asthma severity at the time of diagnosis anti- inflammatory treatment; compensation and psychosocioeconomic impact Basic research, environmental and psychosocial assessments Clinical and epidemiological expertise R & D projects Evaluative examination of surveillance and compensation programs

35. 1.Definitions distinction between occupational asthma and other conditions 2. Frequency and risk factors asthma in the workplace : ~ 10% of adult-onset asthma 3. Mechanisms IgE-dependent or not identified 4. Identification and diagnosis intervention justified by possibility to cure and good prognosis 5. Medicolegal aspects objective diagnosis; scale to assess impairment/disability 6. As a model for human asthma Asthma in the workplace Conclusion

36. Thanks to the team