1. CHAPTER 15 Body Mechanics and Patient Mobility

2. To maintain a wise base of support the PT will stand with feet separated approximately:
3 feet apart
1x the length of their shoe
1.5X the length of their shoe
Exactly the width of their shoulders 10

3. Vocabulary
Alignment – The relation between body parts that helps with balance, movement and smooth coordination
Base of support – Feet apart providing stability ( 1.5 time length of shoes)
Body Mechanics – Proper use of muscle groups to keep healthy posture during movement
Nearly hal of HC workers will have at least 1 work realted injury and most will be back injuries. Read Page 375 Paragraph 3. We need to make a commitment NOW to not be one of those statistics. Has anyone in class ever hurt their back in the line of work?

4. The PT knows the body’s center of gravity is:
Keeping feet inches apart
Assuring the knees are always bent
In the abdomen
Different for each person 15

5. Using Appropriate Body Mechanics
Field of physiology that studies muscular action and the function of muscles in maintaining the posture of the body
Maintain a wide base of support.
Bend the knees and hips rather than the back.
Stand in front of the object.
Adjust the working level to one of comfort.
Carry objects close to the midline of the body.
We must support/protect our large muscle group via body mechanics

6. Good position for body mechanics.
Figure 15-1
Class stands and practices base of support. Feet apart about 1 and ½ the length of shoes. (page 378 box 15-1) read while students practice
Have two people stand side by side, one tall and one short. Discuss their center of gravity; each one would raise the bed to a different height. When working in pairs, try to work with someone with similar height, but that’s not always possible. When with a tall person better for the short one to stand on toes a little than the tall one to hurt back.
Work in pairs to check for correct alignment
(From Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G. [2005]. Fundamentals of nursing. [6th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Good position for body mechanics.

7. When Lifting objects Hold load away from body Hold load close to body
Balance load on open palms
It does not matter 30

8. Picking up a box using good body mechanics.
Figure 15-2
Class to practice picking up pile of books, or back pack from the floor. First have someone demonstrate, then demonstrate the wrong way, but using very light object.
(From Sorrentino, S.A. [2004]. Assisting with patient care. [2nd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Picking up a box using good body mechanics.

9. Vocabulary Dorsal – toward the back
Dorsal recumbent – lying on back (supine) with extremities flexed slightly
Genupectoral – (knee-chest (kneeling with weight of body supported/head turned
Immobility – lack of ability to move freely
lithotomy – lying on back (supine) with hips/knees flexed
Used for examination or surgery

10. Vocabulary Mobility – ability to move freely
Orthopneic – sitting in bed leaning forward supported by table.
Prone – lying face down on abdomen
Semi-Fowler’s – lying on back in bed with head (30 and knees raised
Sims’ position – lying on left side with right knee bent toward chest
Would not use trendelenbure if pat is in shock because it puts pressure on diaphragm. Why would you use it? To increase blood flow to the brain Often used in pelvic surgery to assist the abdominal organs in moving upwards or when during hypotension to increas blood to brain. Funny, book says not to use in shock, yet Mosby dictionary says it is used during shock.

11. Positioning Patients
There are many positions to use to prevent patients from developing complications.
Dorsal (supine)
Lying horizontally on the back
Dorsal Recumbent
Supine position with patient lying on back, head, and shoulders, with extremities moderately flexed, legs may be extended
Fowler’s
Head of bed raised 45 to 60 degrees

12. Basic transfer procedures are:
Adapt to each situation
Always transfer the same say
Transfer twice; mentally then physically
Ask the patient how to do it. 30

13. Dorsal Recumbent Positioning patients.
Why pillow under back? (Provides support for lumbar spine). Why under upper shoulder, eck and head? ( Maintains correct alignment/prevents flexion contractures of cervical lumbar spine. All pillows provide comfort, maintain proper body alighnment and ensures skin integrity. Foot board prevents patient from slipping down in bed.
(From Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G. [2003]. Basic nursing: Essentials for practice. [5th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Positioning patients.

14. Semi-Fowler’s Position
Note the use of pillows. Why do you think these are being used.? Would you always use them? Skin integrity, comfort body alignment
Positioning patients.

15. To transfer pt to head of bed (HOB):
Grab under arms and pull up
Keep pts. knees flat
Bend pts. knees
Use a lift sheet 15

16. Orthopneic Sims’ Positioning patients.
what do we use Orthopneic for ? To allow patient to breath more comfortable. Sims’ Used for what? Enema, rectal temp
(From Elkin, M.K., Perry, A.G., Potter, P.A. [2004]. Nursing interventions and clinical skills. [3rd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Positioning patients.

17. Prone Positioning patients.
(From Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G. [2003]. Basic nursing: Essentials for practice. [5th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Positioning patients.

18. Knee-chest Positioning patients.
Good for cramps in stomach or small of back Also called genupectoral
(From Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G. [2003]. Basic nursing: Essentials for practice. [5th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Positioning patients.

19. Lithotomy Positioning patients.
(From Seidel, H.M., Ball, J.W., Dains, J.E., Benedict, G.W. [2003]. Mosby’s guide to physical examination. [5th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Positioning patients.

20. To assist pt. to sit up in bed
Pull patients arms
Have patient hug your neck
Raise HOB and lower legs
Whatever works for the situation 20

21. Mobility versus Immobility
A person’s ability to move around freely in his or her environment
Serves Many Purposes
Express emotion
Self-defense
Attain basic needs
Perform recreational activities
Perform activities of daily living (ADLs)
Maintain body’s normal physiological activities

22. Mobility versus Immobility
Inability to move around freely
Complications of Immobility
Muscle and bone atrophy; contractures; pressure ulcer
Constipation; urinary tract infection
Disuse osteoporosis; kidney stones
Pneumonia; pulmonary embolism; postural hypotension
Anorexia; insomnia
Asthenia (weakness)
Disorientation
Hypostatic pneumonia = congestion that collects in lungs from lack of activity causing pneumonia Postural hypotension is also called orthostatic hypotension is = abnormally low blood pressure when client stands, Pulmonary embolism = blockage of pulmonary artery by fat, air, tumor tissue
causing dizziness (vertigo) or fainting (syncope)

23. Bony Prominences

26. Complications of immobility include all but the following;
Skin breakdown
Increased vital signs
Muscle atrophy
Joint contractures 15

27. Performing Range-of-Motion Exercises
Range-of-Motion (ROM)
Any body action involving the muscles and joints in natural directional movements
Exercises may be performed by physical therapy department personnel or by the nurse, PT’S and allied staff.
Exercises are indicated for patients confined to bed for long periods.
Exercises may be preformed passively by nurses, PT’S or actively by patients.
Now we know the problems /complications with immobility we will now discuss the PT responsibility to assure these do not happen.

28. Performing Range-of-Motion Exercises
The total amount of activity required to prevent physical disuse syndrome is only about 2 hours for every 24-hour period.
Designated body joints are moved to the point of resistance or MILD pain, using care to avoid injury.
Now watch Rom movie

29. ROM Vocabulary Range of motion (normal joint movements)
Flexion (decreases angle between two joints )
Hyperextension (maximum extension)
Lateral flexion (away from midline)
Extension (movement increasing angle)
Rotation (circular)
Abduction (moving extremity away from body
Adduction (moving extremity toward the body)
Flexion (decreases angle between two joints )
Hyperextension (maximum extension)
Lateral flexion
Extension ( movement increasing angle)
Rotation (circular )

30. ROM Vocabulary Rotation - circular
Contracture – atrophy/shortening of muscles usually causing permanent abnormal mobility
Dorsiflexion – bending/flexing backwards, upwards
Pronation – palm of hand turned down
Supination – palm of hand upward
Flexion (decreases angle between two joints )
Hyperextension (maximum extension)
Lateral flexion
Extension ( movement increasing angle)
Rotation (circular )

31. Performing range-of-motion exercises.
Skill 15-2: Step 8
(From Elkin, M.K., Perry, A.G., Potter, P.A. [2004]. Nursing interventions and clinical skills. [3rd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Performing range-of-motion exercises.

32. Performing Range-of-Motion Exercises
With partner practice ROM on page
Flexion (decreases angle between two joints )
Hyperextension (maximum extension)
Lateral flexion
Extension ( movement increasing angle)
Rotation (circular )

33. Basic lifting procedures are
Adapt to each situation
Always transfer the same way
Transfer twice: mentally then physically
Ask the patient how to do it. 25

34. Moving the Patient
Moving includes lifting the patient up into bed, to the side of the bed, to the tub, and into a car.
Moving also includes turning, dangling, and assisting the patient in and out of the bed for ambulation.
Mechanical Equipment for Lifting Patients
Hydraulic lift
Roller board
Gurney lift

35. Figure 15-4
(From Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G. [2003]. Basic nursing: Essentials for practice. [5th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Hand roll.

36. Patient using a trapeze bar.
Figure 15-5
(From Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G. [2003]. Basic nursing: Essentials for practice. [5th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Patient using a trapeze bar.

37. To transfer a heavy patient
Get help from another staff
Use a mechanical lift
Just use your own strength
Follow patients care plan 15

38. Figure 15-6, A—C
(From Sorrentino, S.A. [2004]. Assisting with patient care. [2nd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
A, The lift is over the patient. B, The sling is attached to a swivel bar. C, The lift is raised until the sling and patient are off of the bed.

39. Figure 15-6, D—E
(From Sorrentino, S.A. [2004]. Assisting with patient care. [2nd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
D, The patient’s legs are supported as the patient and lift are moved away from the bed. E, The patient is guided into a chair.

40. Moving the Patient Lift twice
Once mentally and then once physically
Be certain to have sufficient assistance.
Assess patient’s ability to assist with moving.
If moving may be painful for the patient, the PT will want to administer medication to the patient before any such activity.

41. Skill 15-3: Steps 9f(3), 9f(4) Moving the patient.
(From Elkin, M.K., Perry, A.G., Potter, P.A. [2004]. Nursing interventions and clinical skills. [3rd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
(From Sorrentino, S.A. [2004]. Assisting with patient care. [2nd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Moving the patient.

42. Skill 15-3: Step 11e Moving the patient.
(From Sorrentino, S.A.[1992]. Mosby’s textbook for nursing assistants. [3rd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Moving the patient.

43. Skill 15-3: Step 12e Moving the patient.
(From Sorrentino, S.A. [2004]. Assisting with patient care. [2nd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Moving the patient.

44. Skill 15-3: Steps 13c, 13f Moving the patient.
(From Potter, P.A., Perry, A.G. [2003]. Basic nursing: Essentials for practice. [5th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Moving the patient.

45. To assist with walking staff stands at
Patients strong side
Patients weak side
Stand behind patient
Any of the above are fine. 15

46. Skill 15-3: Step 13j(7) Moving the patient.
(From Sorrentino, S.A. [2004]. Assisting with patient care. [2nd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Moving the patient.

47. Skill 15-3: Step 13j(8) Moving the patient.
(From Sorrentino, S.A. [2004]. Assisting with patient care. [2nd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Moving the patient.

48. Skill 15-3: Step 14f Moving the patient.
(From Elkin, M.K., Perry, A.G., Potter, P.A. [2004]. Nursing interventions and clinical skills. [3rd ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Moving the patient.

49. Using the Lift for Moving Patients
Mechanical devices, such as the hydraulic lift used with a Hoyer sling, will
Move patients safely
Protect the nurse’s and PT’s back
Provide full-weight lifting of patients who cannot assist