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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: A Global Concern, 5th edition
William P. Cunningham University of Minnesota Barbara Woodworth Saigo Saiwood Biology Resources
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CHAPTER 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
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What is Environmental Science?
History of Environmental Science utilitarian conservation altruistic preservation
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CURRENT CONDITIONS Planet Earth Environmental Dilemmas population
food shortages energy pollution
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A DIVIDED WORLD Rich vs. Poor North vs. South
Developed countries vs. undeveloped countries First, Second, Third and Fourth World Countries
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Index Developmental Discrepancies
basic social services education health care agrarian reform employment civil rights sustainable resource use Sustainable Development
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ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVES
Neo-Malthusian Technological optimists/Promethean environmentalism “Cornucopian Fallacy” Lessons from the Past
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CHAPTER 2 TOOLS FOR BUILDING A BETTER WORLD
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Environmental Ethics and Philosophy
Universal Ethical Principles Relativists Nihilists Utilitarians Modernism & Postmodernism
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Values, Rights & Obligations
Morals Animal Rights Inherent Value Instrumental Value
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Worldviews and Ethical Perspectives
Domination Stewardship Biocentrism Ecofeminism
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Environmental Justice
Environmental racism Toxic colonialism Is Nature fragile or resilient?
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Science as a Way of Knowing
Scientific Method Hypotheses Testing Indirect Scientific Evidence Technology and Progress Appropriate Technology
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CHAPTER 3 MATTER, ENERGY, AND LIFE
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From Atoms to Cells Atoms Molecules Organic Compounds Cells ions
atomic number Molecules compound Organic Compounds carbon Cells
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Energy Types and Qualities
Kinetic Energy heat temperature Potential Energy Chemical Energy Conservation of Matter Thermodynamics 1st law 2nd law
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Energy for Life Solar Energy Photosynthesis Chlorophyll
cellular respiration
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From Species to Ecosystems
Population Communities biological community Ecosystems
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Food Chains Productivity/biomass Food chain/food web Trophic level
producers consumers Organisms herbivores carnivores omnivores
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Material Cycles and Life Processes
Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Sulfur Cycle
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CHAPTER 4 BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES AND SPECIES INTERACTION
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Critical Factors, Who Lives Where?
Temperature Moisture levels Nutrient supply Soil chemistry Water chemistry
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Natural Selection Adaptation Evolution HABITAT
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS
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Predation Predators parasites Pathogens Prey
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Competition Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition
Territoriality
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Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism
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Community Properties Productivity Abundance and Diversity
Complexity and Connectedness Resilience and Stability Structure Edges and Boundaries
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Ecological Succession
Primary Succession Secondary Succession Pioneer Species Ecological Development Climax Community Introduced Species and Community Change
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CHAPTER 5 BIOMES, LANDSCAPES, RESOTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
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Terrestrial Biomes Deserts Grasslands Tundra Conifer Forests
Prairies Savannas Tundra Conifer Forests Evergreen Forests Tropical Forests Tropical Seasonal Forests
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Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater and Saline Ecosystems
Estuaries and Wetlands Shorelines and Barrier Islands Coral reefs
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Landscape Ecology Patchiness & Heterogeneity Landscape Dynamics
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Restoration Ecology Rehabilitation Remediation Reclamation Re-creation
Nature, self-healing
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CHAPTER 6 POPULATION DYNAMICS
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Population Growth Exponential Growth Geometric Growth
Arithmetic Growth J Curve
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Population Oscillations and Irruptive Growth
Dieback Overshoot Irruptive or Malthusian growth
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Growth to a Stable Population
Logistic growth Environmental resistance
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Strategies of Population Growth
Malthusian Strategies Logistic Strategies
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Factors affecting Population
Natality, Fecundity, and Fertility Immigration Mortality and survivorship Age Structure Emigration Education
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Factors Affecting Birth and Fertility Rates
Education/affluence Importance of children to family labor force Urbanization Cost - raising and educating children Education & Employment opportunity - women Infant mortality rate Average marriage age Availability - pension Birth control Religious beliefs, tradition and culture
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Factors Affecting Death Rate
Nutrition Fewer infant deaths and increased longevity Health and technology
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Teen Pregnancy in the USA
Migration Immigration
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Population Age Structure
Ways of classifying Pre-reproductive age Reproductive age Post-reproductive age
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Solutions Influencing Population
Controlling Migration Reducing Birth Rates Economic development Family planning Economic rewards Empowering women Population Control Studies India China
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Population Distribution
Urbanization and Growth The future is urban Hyper-urbanization - LDCs The United States and other MDC’s Spatial patterns of development
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CHAPTER 7 HUMAN POPULATIONS
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Population Growth Birth Rates Over-population Technology and Ingenuity
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Limits to Population Growth
Malthusian checks Karl Marx Neo-Malthusian Technology solutions? Can More people be Beneficial?
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Human Demography Fertility Birthrate Zero population growth
Mortality and death rates Population growth rates Life span and life expectancy dependency ratio Emigration and Immigration
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Population Growth: Opposition
Pronatalist/Social Pressures Birth Reduction Pressures Education Birth control Economics
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Demographic Transition
Improved living conditions Development and Population Optimistic View Pessimistic View Social Justice View Ecojustice View Infant Mortality Women’s Rights
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Family Planning & Fertility Control
Birth Control Celibacy Mechanical barriers Surgery Chemicals Implantation of physical controls Abortion
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CHAPTER 8 ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
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Classical Economics Diminished Returns Demand Supply
Market Equilibrium Marginal Costs Price Elasticity
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Neoclassical Economics
Karl Marx E. F. Schumacher Ecological Economics steady-state economy
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Resources, Capital and Reserves
Resource Types Capital Resource Nonrenewable resources Renewable resources Intangible resources
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Economic Resource Categories
Proven resources Known resources Undiscovered resources Recoverable resources
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Population, Technology, and Scarcity
Market Efficiencies Increasing Environmental Carrying Capacity Economic Models Why Not Conserve Resources?
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Natural Resource Accounting
Gross National Product (GNP) Human Development Index (HDI) Non-market Values Cost/Benefit Ratios Green Business Jobs and the Environment
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Sustainability Sustainable Development
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CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY
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Health Hazards Infectious Diseases Respiratory diseases pneumonia
tuberculosis influenza whooping cough
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Malaria Parasitic Mematodes Schistosomiasis Onchocerciasis (river blindness) Trachoma STD’s
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Toxic Chemicals Irritants Respiratory fibrotic agents Asphyxiants
Allergens Neurotoxins Mutagens Teratogens Carcinogens
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Natural and Synthetic Toxin Physical Agents Trauma Diet
radiation Trauma stress Diet
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Chemical Hazards and Toxicology
Dose and response LD5O factor Acute effect Chronic effect Types toxic substances hazardous carcinogens mutagens teratogens
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Movement, Distribution and Fate of Toxins
Solubility Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Persistence Chemical Interactions
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Minimizing Toxic Effects
Metabolic Degradation Excretion Repair Mechanisms
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Measuring Toxicity Animal Testing Toxicity Ratings
Acute vs. Chronic Doses and Effects Detection Limits
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Assessment Risks Acceptable risks??
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Risk Analysis Identifying Risks The Greatest Risks
Problems - Risk Assessment Risk-Benefit Analysis Managing Risks
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CHAPTER 10 FOOD, HUNGER AND NUTRITION
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Human Nutrition Energy Needs Nutritional Needs undernourishment
over-nourishment Nutritional Needs proteins carbohydrates lipids and oils minerals vitamins
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World Food Resoureces Major Crops Meat and Milk Croplands wheat rice
corn potatoes Meat and Milk Croplands
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Increasing Food Production
Green Revolution Technology Genetic Engineering Increased Farm Output New Food Sources Blue Revolution Aqua-culture
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Agricultural Economics
Food Supplies Food Subsidies Agricultural Aid International Food Trade Cash Crops
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World Hunger Famines Food Shortages
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CHAPTER 11 SOIL RESOURECES AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
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What is soil? Soil, a renewable resource Soil composition
humus Soil organisms Soil profiles top soil sub-soil parent material bedrock
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Use and Abuse of Soil Land Resources Land Degradation
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Erosion Types of erosion Erosion in the United States
sheet erosion rill erosion gully erosion streambank erosion Erosion in the United States Erosion in other countries
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Agricultural Resources
Water Fertilizer Climate Energy Crop Diversity
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Soil Conservation Managing Topography Providing Ground Cover
contour plowing strip-farming tied ridges terracing Providing Ground Cover cover crops mulch Reduced Tillage Systems
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CHAPTER PEST CONTROL
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What are Pest and Pesticides?
Biological Pests Insects Large animals Botanical Pests Weeds Pesticides Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides
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Pest Controls Early Controls Modern Controls Botanical Chemical
Synthetic chemicals DDT
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Pesticide Types Inorganic pesticides Natural organic pesticides
botanicals Fumigants Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamates Microbial agents
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Pesticide Benefits Disease control Crop protection
Increased crop production
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Pesticide Problems Effects on Nontarget Species
Pesticide Resistance/Pest resurgence Creation of New Pests Persistence and Mobility in the Environment Human Health Problems
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Alternative Pesticide Uses
Crop rotation Biological controls predatory insects pathogens Herbivorous insects Genetic and bioengineering
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Reducing Pesticide Exposure
Regulation EPA USDA Personal Safety
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CHAPTER 13 BIODIVERSITY
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Biodiversity and Species Concept
What is Biodiversity? What are species? Number of species
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Benefits of Biodiversity
Food Drugs Medicine Ecological Benefits Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits
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Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction Natural Causes Mass Extinction
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Human-Caused Reductions in Biodiversity
Habitat Destruction Hunting and Fishing Commercial products and Live Specimens Predator and Pest Control Exotic Species Introductions Disease Pollution Genetic Assimilation
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Biodiversity Protection
Hunting and Fishing Laws Endangered Species Act Recovery Plans Private Land and Critical Habitat Minimum Viable Populations Habitat Protection International Wildlife Treaties Zoos Botanical Gardens Captive Breeding Programs
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CHAPTER 14 LAND USE: FORESTS AND RANGELANDS
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World Land Use Forest, 30% Range and pasture, 26% Cropland, 1%
Other, 33 tundra desert wetlands urban areas
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World Forests Forest Distribution Closed canopy Open canopy Woodland
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Forest Products Industrial Timber Fuelwood
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Tropical Forests Diminishing Forests Swidden Agriculture
Logging and Land Invasions Forest Protection Reforestation Debt-for-Nature Swaps
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Temperate Forests Ancient forest/old growth forests
Wilderness Protection Wildlife Protection Harvesting old growth forests clear-cutting strip-cutting selective-cutting Fire Management
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Rangelands Range Management Overgrazing and Land Degradation
desertification Forage Conversion Harvesting Wild Animals
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Rangelands in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management State of the Range
feral animals Grazing Fees
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Land Ownership Who owns what? Land Reform Indigenous Lands
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CHAPTER 15 PRESERVING NATURE
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Parks and Nature Preserves
Origins and History Natural Landscaping
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North American Parks Existing Systems U.S. National Park System
Park Problems Over crowding Roads Commercialism Pollution Wildlife New Directions New Parks
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World Parks and Preserves
Biosphere Reserves Protecting Natural Heritage Size and Design of Nature Preserves recreation areas historic areas conservation areas pristine research areas Conservation and Economic Development Indigenous Communities
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Wilderness Areas Wildlife Refuges Refuge Management
International Wildlife Preserves poaching
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Wetlands, Floodplains, & Coastal Regions
Wetland Values Wetland Destruction Floods and Flood Control Floodplains Beaches, barrier Islands, and Estuaries
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CHAPTER 16 EARTH AND ITS CRUSTAL RESOURCES
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Earth, A Dynamic Sphere Earth’s Layers Tectonic Processes
Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Tectonic Processes Tectonic Plates Magma Shifting Continents
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Rock Types & How They Formed
Igneous Rock Weathering Sedimentation Sedimentary Rock Biogenic Sedimentation Metamorphic Rock
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Mineralogy Metals Nonmetal Minerals Strategic Minerals
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Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction
Mining tunneling water leakage strip mining Processing water pollution chemical emissions
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Conserving Mineral Resources
Recycling Aluminum & Platinum Steel & Iron Substituting New Materials for Old Ones
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Geologic Hazards Earthquakes Tsunami Volcanoes Floods
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CHAPTER 17 AIR, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER
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The Atmosphere, Composition & Structure
Gas Mixture Layered Envelope Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere
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Weather Engine Solar Radiation/ Heat Convection Currents
Albedo (reflectivity) “Greenhouse effect” Convection Currents Water vapor
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Weather Energy Balance in the Atmosphere Convection Cells
Prevailing Winds Jet Streams Frontal Weather cold and warm fronts Cyclonic Storms hurricanes and tornadoes Seasonal Winds monsoon Weather Modification
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Climate Climatic Catastrophes
Ice Ages Driving Forces & Patterns in Climatic Changes Milankovitch Cycles El Niño
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Human-caused Global Climate Change
Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide Aerosols Sources Burning Fossil Fuels Industrial Processes Deforestation Agriculture
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Effects of Climate Change
Temperature Changes Impact on Plants and Animals Rising Sea Levels impacting Coastlines Melting Ice Packs Possible Increase of Disease
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Cutting Emissions United Nations “Earth Summit” Kyoto Protocol
Developed Nations Developing Nations
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CHAPTER 18 AIR POLLUTION
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Natural Sources of Air Pollution
Volcanoes Emissions from vegetation
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Human-Caused Air Pollution
Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants Fugitive emissions
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Conventional or “Criteria” Pollutants
Sulfur compounds Nitrogen Compounds Carbon Oxides Metals and Halogens Particulate Materials Volatile Organic Compounds Photochemical Oxidants
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Unconventional Pollutants
Emissions & emissions standards Unconventional or noncriteria pollutants Aesthetic degradation Indoor air Pollution smoke
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Climate, Topography, & Atmospheric Processes
Inversions Dust Domes and Heat Islands Long Range Transport Stratospheric Ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
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Effects of Air Pollution
Human Health bronchitis emphysema Plant Pathology Acid Deposition pH and atmospheric acidity aquatic effects forest damage buildings and monuments visibility reduction
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Air Pollution Control Moving Pollution to Remote Areas
Particulate Removal filters Sulfur Removal fuel switching and fuel cleaning limestone injection/fluidized bed combustion flue gas desulfurization sulfur recovery processes Nitrogen Oxide Control Hydrocarbon Controls
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Clean Air Legislation Clean Air Act of 1963 Amendments of 1970
Acid rain Urban smog Toxic air pollutants Ozone protection Marketing pollution rights Toxic organic compounds EPA
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CHAPTER 19 WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT
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Water Resources Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation/Sublimation
Saturation Point Relative humidity Condensation Dew Point Rainfall & Topography Rain Shadow Desert Belts Balancing the Water Budget
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Major Water Compartments
Oceans Glaciers, Ice, & Snow Ground Water infiltration water table aquifers Rivers and Streams Lakes and Ponds Wetlands The Atmosphere
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Water Availability and Use
Water Supplies Drought Cycles Types of Water Use Withdrawal Consumption Degradation Quantities of Water Use Use by Sector
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Freshwater Shortages A Scarce Resource Depleting Groundwater
subsidence sinkholes
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Increasing Water Supplies
Seeding Clouds &Towing Icebergs Desalination Dams, Reservoirs, Canals, & Aqueducts Environmental Costs Evaporation, Leakage, and Siltation Loss of Free-Flowing Rivers
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Water Management & Conservation
Watershed Management Domestic Conservation Industrial and Agricultural Conservation Price Mechanisms
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CHAPTER 20 WATER POLLUTION
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Water Pollution Point Sources Non-point Sources Atmospheric Deposition
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Types and Effects of Water Pollution
Infectious Agents Oxygen-Demanding Wastes Plant Nutrients & Cultural Eutrophication Toxic Inorganic Materials Heavy Metals Nonmetallic Salts Acids and Bases Organic Chemicals Sediments Thermal Pollution
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Water Quality Today Surface Water in the U.S. & Canada
Surface Water in other Countries Groundwater and Drinking Water Supplies Ocean Pollution
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Water Pollution Control
Source Reduction Non-point Sources and Land Management Agriculture Urban runoff Construction sites Land disposal
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Human Waste Disposal Natural Processes Municipal Sewage Treatment
Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment Low-Cost Waste Treatment effluent sewerage
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Water Legislation Clean Water Act Clean Water Act Reauthorization
Other Important Water Legislation Safe Drinking Water Act Superfund Great lakes Water Quality Agreement
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CHAPTER 21 CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
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Energy A Brief History Current Energy Sources Per Capita Consumption
Fossil fuels Nuclear power Hydroelectric Solar Per Capita Consumption Energy Use
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Coal Coal Resources and Reserves Mining Air Pollution
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Oil Oil Resources and Reserves Oil Imports and Domestic Supplies
Oil Shales and Tar Sands
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Natural Gas Natural Gas Resources and Reserves
Unconventional Gas Sources Methane hydrate
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Nuclear Power Nuclear Reactors: How They Work? Types of Reactors
Alternative Reactor Designs Breeder Reactors
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Radioactive Waste Management
Ocean Dumping Land Disposal high-level waste repository monitored, retrievable storage Decommissioning Old Nuclear Plants
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Changing Fortunes of Nuclear Power
Changing Public Opinion Nuclear Fusion Magnetic confinement Inertial confinement
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CHAPTER 22 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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Conservation Utilization Efficiencies Energy Conversion Efficiencies
net energy yield Negawatt programs Co-generation
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Tapping Solar Energy A Vast Resource Passive Solar Heat
Active Solar Heat Eutectic Chemicals
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High-Temperature Solar Energy
Solar Cookers Promoting Renewable Energy Photovaltaic Solar Energy Photovoltaic Cells Storing Electrical Energy
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Energy from Biomass Burning Biomass Fuelwood crisis in LDCs
Dung and Methane as Fuels Alcohol from Biomass gasohol Crop Residues, Energy Crops and Peat
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Energy from the Earth’s Forces
Hydropower Dams and Hydro Generators Wind Energy Wind Farms Geothermal Energy Tidal and Wave Energy Tidal Stations Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion
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CHAPTER 23 SOLID, TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
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Solid Waste Waste Stream Paper, 38% Yard waste, 17% Metals, 8%
Plastics, 8% Glass, 7% Food, 7% Miscellaneous, 14%
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Waste Disposal Methods
Open Dumps Ocean Dumpings Landfills Export Waste Incineration and Resource Recovery Types of incinerators refuse-derived fuel mass burn Incinerator Cost and Safety
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Reducing the Waste Stream
Recycling Composting Energy from Waste Reuse Producing Less Waste Photodegradable plastics Biodegradable plastics
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Hazardous and Toxic Wastes
Hazardous Waste Disposal Superfund Hazardous Waste Management Produce Less Waste Convert to Less Hazardous Substances Physical treatments Chemical treatments Bioremediation Store Permanently Retrievable Storage Secure Landfills
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CHAPTER 24 URBANIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
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Urbanization What is a city? World Urbanization Rural area Urban area
Village City Megacity Core region World Urbanization
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Causes of Urban Growth Immigration Push Factors
Immigration Pull Factors Government Policies
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Urban Problems The Developing World Traffic and Congestion
Air Pollution Sewer Systems and Water Pollution Housing Slums Shantytowns Squatter Towns
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The Developed World Urban Problems Urban Renewal Noise
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Transportation and City Growth
Transportation methods horse & buggy automobiles Roads/freeways
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City Planning History Garden Cities and New Towns Cities of the Future
technopolis Urban Redesign Design for Open space conservation
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Urban Redesign Limit size Development areas
Shopping malls into city centers Convenience for shopping and services Job location Exercise areas Diverse housing “Superblocks” Self-sustainable food and waste centers Public participation
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CHAPTER 25 WHAT THEN SHALL WE DO?
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Environmental Education
Environmental Literacy Environmental Careers
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Individual Accountability
Shopping for Green Products precycling Non toxic products recyclable products natural products Environmentally friendly products Blue Angels and Green Seals Limits of Green Consumerism Paying Attention to What’s Important
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Collective Actions Student Environmental Groups
Mainline Environmental Organizations Broadening the Environmental Agenda Deep or Shallow Environmentalism Radical Environmental Groups Anti-environmental Backlash
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Global Issues Public Opinions and Environmental Protection
“Post materialist” values Sustainable Development International Nongovernmental Organizations
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Green Government and Politics
Green Politics “Green” Parties Green Plans National Legislation Courts Executive Branch Environmental Impact Statements International Environmental Treaties and Conventions
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