1. Simple machines and efficiency

2. Types of machines A machine is a device that is used
Gears
Inclined Plane
Lever
Pulley
Screw
Simple Machine
Wedge
Wheel and Axle
   
A machine is a device that is used
To make a job easier. In other words,
the device allows you to use less force
to complete a task.

3. Inclined plane
      An inclined plane is a sloping surface, such as a ramp. An inclined plane can be used to alter the effort and distance involved in doing work, such as lifting loads. The trade-off is that an object must be moved a longer distance than if it was lifted straight up, but less force is needed. Examples: Staircase, Ramp, Bottom of a Bath Tub

4. Inclined plane

5. Lever
      A lever is a straight rod or board that pivots on a point known as a fulcrum. The fulcrum can be moved depending on the weight of the object to be lifted or the force you wish to exert. Pushing down on one end of a lever results in the upward motion of the opposite end of the fulcrum. Examples : Door on Hinges, Seesaw, Hammer, Bottle openers

6. Levers
Bicycle brakes
Door handle

7. Levers are classified according to classes

8. Pulley
       A wheel that usually has a groove around the outside edge. This groove is for a rope or belt to move around the pulley. Pulling down on the rope can lift an object attached to the rope. Work is made easier because pulling down on the rope is made easier due to gravity. Examples: Flag Pole, Crane, Mini-Blinds

9. Pulleys

10. Mechanical Advantage
People use pulley systems to get a benefit called Mechanical advantage. They do not have to apply as much force to get the same amount of work done on an object. To determine MA of a pulley system, count the number of strings minus the
one you are pulling down on.

11. Pulleys
What is the MA of the system
Above?

12. Pulleys

13. Screw
     A modified inclined plane wrapped around a shaft or cylinder. This inclined plane allows the screw to move itself or to move an object or material surrounding it when rotated. Examples: Bolt, Spiral Staircase   Simple

14. Screw

15. Wedge
       Two inclined planes joined back to back. Wedges are used to split things. Examples: Axe, Zipper, Knife, wood maul

16. Wedge

17. Wheel and Axle
    A wheel and axle has a larger wheel (or wheels) connected by a smaller cylinder (axle) and is fastened to the wheel so that they turn together. When the axle is turned, the wheel moves a greater distance than the axle, but less force is needed to move it. The axle moves a shorter distance, but it takes greater force to move it. Examples: Door Knob, Wagon, Toy Car , Ferris wheel

18. Wheel and Axle

19. Gears
      Two toothed wheels fit together either directly or through a chain or belt so one wheel will turn the other. Some gears may have a screw or a toothed shaft in place of one of the wheels. A gear may also be a combination of toothed wheels that produces a certain speed (such as a bicycle's top gear which makes the bike go fast, and the low gear for slow speed.) Examples: Clock, Automobile, Drill

20. Gears

21. Compound Machines
These are combinations of several simples machines joined to form a particular task.

22. Compound Machine

23. Compound Machines

24. Calculating Mechanical Advantage
MA= Force out Force input MA= de distance of the effort dr distance of the resistance dr refers to how far the object moves de refers to how much you have to move or how much rope that you pull in for a pulley system

25. Example
Using a pulley system a boy pulls on a rope with 10N of force and lifts a 50 N weight. What is the MA of the pulley system?
MA= F out/ F in or 50N/10N
MA = 5
There are no units for mechanical advantage. The higher the MA, the better the machine.

26. Example
A girl pulls a rope attached to a pulley system a distance of 10 m to move a weight up 2 meters. What is the MA?
De=10m
Dr=2m
MA= de/dr 10m/2m=5

27. Efficiency
Machines are rated according to efficiency. No machine is 100 percent efficient because of friction.

28. Efficiency Terms
Force of resistance = fr( usually the weight of the object)
Force of effort=fe ( how much force you put in)
Distance of the resistance=dr (how far the object moves)
Distance of the effort= de ( how far you move or how much rope you pull in from a pulley system)

29. Efficiency Formulas (Work output/ work input) X 100 Work Out X 100
Fr X dr = fe X de

30. Ideal MA
The ideal mechanical advantage (IMA), or theoretical mechanical advantage, is the mechanical advantage of an ideal machine. It is calculated using physics principles because no ideal machine actually exists.
The IMA of a machine can be found with the following formula:
IMA = de/dr
DE equals the 'effort distance' (for a lever, the distance from the fulcrum to where the effort is applied) DR equals the resistance distance (for a lever, the distance from the fulcrum to where the resistance is encountered

31. Additional websites

32. http://atlantis. coe. uh