1. Formation, Development, and Current State
The Earth Moon System
Formation, Development, and Current State

2. We were wrong…
It was once believed that Earth was created, instantly, 6000 years ago.
Ancient thinkers like Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci saw fossils as evidence the Earth was much older.
Lord Kelvin used heat to determine an age of million years old
Arthur Holmes was the first to get a near accurate age of the Earth using, determining the earth to be about 1.6byo using radioactive decay.
Later, improved methods of radiometric dating led to a much more accurate age of the Earth.

3. Formation
About 4.5 billion years ago, Earth, along with the other planets in our solar system began to take shape.
They formed in accretion disks.
The material that formed the Earth was created in supernovas.

4. Proto-Earth
Within million years Earth, slightly smaller than today, had formed from the accretion disk located about 150,000,000km from the sun.
It is hypothesized that another, even smaller planet was also forming at about the same distance.
This planet, Theia, was about the size of Mars.

5. Giant Impact Hypothesis
Shortly after the formation of these two planets, Theia struck Earth with a glancing blow.
This impact liquefied Earth and ejected a large amount of molten material.
The ejected material formed the Moon.
The remainder of Theia sunk to the center of Earth to help form its iron core.
There are some other, less likely idea’s as to how the Moon formed

7. Co-Formation Hypothesis
Before, we visited the Moon and were able to analyze its contents, it was thought that the Moon formed at the same time and location as Earth.
This would have left the Moon rotating directly above the equator with much more Iron than it currently has.

8. Fission Hypothesis
It was also once believed that centrifugal forces pulled a chunk of earth out into space leaving a basin behind which later formed the Pacific Ocean.
This would have required the Earth to be spinning much faster than it does today.
It also would have formed the Moon rotating directly above the Equator.
These facts make this an unlikely hypothesis.

9. Capture Hypothesis
Because the Moon’s orbit is not directly above the equator, it was once believed that the moon was formed elsewhere in the Solar System and later captured by Earth’s gravity.
For this to have occurred the Earth would have needed a much larger atmosphere to slow down the approaching Moon.
This too is very unlikely.

10. Explanation
The Giant impact Hypothesis is the most likely because it helps explain other features about the Earth Moon system.
Large amount of Iron in the core
Still molten mantle
Tilt of the Earth
Speed of Rotation of Earth

11. A Changing Planet Time Line
4.5 bya - Magma Earth
4.4bya - Ocean Earth
Carbon dioxide atmosphere, iron rich oceans
3.4bya - Continents form
Granite floats on magma
bya - Blue Planet
Stromatolites release oxygen that turns oceans and sky blue.

12. Time Line (cont) 1.0bya Rodinia 700mya Snowball Earth
Super-continent
Trilobites best evidence
700mya Snowball Earth
Caused by massive super-continent
630mya Cambrian Explosion
Shallow seas allows for evolution of a wide variety of life
Evidence found in Burgess Shale

13. Time Line (cont) 300mya - Animals/Plants moved on land
Oxygen in atmosphere created ozone that protected animals and plants from UV rays
250mya - Massive volcanic eruptions
Led to extinction of 95% of living things
Creation of Pangea
235mya - Dinosaurs began to rule
“Lukewarm” blooded, allowed them to survive in hot, oxygen rich environment.

14. Time Line (cont) 180mya - Pangea breaks up. 65mya - KT Boundary
Dinosaurs survive
65mya - KT Boundary
Asteroid/Comet impacts Mexico
Volcanoes erupting in India
Most dinosaurs go extinct

15. Time Line (cont) 50mya - Mammals began to flourish
Uplift and Erosion shape surface of Earth
2mya - Human ancestors leave Africa
Ice Ages send glaciers back and forth across the continents
10,000ya - Last Ice Age retreats
Human civilization begins

16. The Future +15000y - New Ice Age +200my - New Super-Continent forms
Within the next years a new Ice Age will begin.
+200my - New Super-Continent forms
+2by - Mantle and Core cool
Stops tectonic movement
Stops magnetic field

17. Earth Earth is the 5th largest planet. 12,800km diameter.
Not a perfect sphere
Centrifugal force makes the circumference around equator bigger than circumference around poles. (difference of 67km)
Oblique Spheroid

18. Earth’s Axis
Earths axis is an imaginary line that runs through the Geographic North and South Poles.
The Earth spins about this axis once every 23hours 56minutes.
The axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5º from vertical.
This tilt is responsible for the seasons.

19. Seasons The seasons have differing weather patterns for two reasons
1. The angle of the Sun’s rays varies from most direct in the summer (hotter) to least direct in the winter (cooler)
2. The length of day varies from longest in the summer to shortest in the winter, giving the Sun’s rays less time to warm the Earth.
The Northern and Southern Hemispheres have opposite seasons.

21. Solstices
The solstices occur on when the amount of daylight is the greatest or least and the angle of the Sun’s Rays are the most or least direct.
Winter Solstice - December 21st
Summer Solstice - June 21st

24. Equinoxes
An equinox occurs when there is exactly 12hours of daylight and the Sun’s rays are pointing directly at the equator.
Spring Equinox - March 21st
Fall Equinox - September 23rd

26. Earth’s Structure Earth is comprised of several layers.
These layers are separated due to their density.
Crust
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core

28. Crust The Crust is the layer of the Earth we all walk on.
0-35km below the surface of the Earth.
Two different types
Granite Crust - Covers continents, thicker
Basaltic Crust - Ocean Floor, thinner
Crust contains rock in all phases of the rock cycle.

29. Mantle
The Mantle is the area of rock between the core and the crust. ( km)
The rock is plastic in characteristic and flows too slowly to be considered a liquid.
The difference between the upper and lower mantle is due to the way seismic vibrations pass through.
Seems to be pressure related.

30. Outer Core
Liquid layer of Iron and Nickel located between the inner core and the lower mantle.
km deep
Predominantly responsible for Earth’s magnetic field due to the rapid movement of the liquid metal.

31. Inner Core The center of the Earth. Solid alloy of nickel and iron.
km deep
Thought to be hotter than the surface of the sun. (Remains solid due to immense pressure)

32. Earth’s Magnetic Field
As a result of the rapidly spinning liquid metal found in the outer core, Earth has a magnetic field, similar to a giant bar magnet.
This magnetic field protects us from harmful rays and particles emitted from the sun.

36. Magnetic Poles
Just like a bar magnet, Earth has magnetic north and south poles.
A compass is a small magnet that aligns its self to Earths magnetic field, always pointing to the North and South Magnetic Poles.
A compass above either magnetic pole will point in random directions.
These poles do not align with Geographic poles.
They can move up to 15km a year.

37. The Moon The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite.
It is the fifth largest moon in the Solar System.
The Moon’s orbit ranges from a distance 363,000km to 406,000km.
The moon is about 3500km in diameter
This gives the moon roughly 1/6th the gravity of here on Earth.

38. Moon (cont) The moon takes 27.3 days to orbit the Earth.
As the Earth is also moving during this time the Moon completes its cycle of phases over a period of 29.5 days.

39. Structure of the Moon
Like Earth, the Moon has a crust, mantle and core.
Unlike Earth, only a small portion of the Moon’s core is still liquid.
The Moon has cooled significantly since it was formed.

41. Surface of the Moon The Moon’s surface has several important features.
Maria - dark, relatively featureless plains on the moon.
Formed as lava filled depressions left by impacts.
Terre - Lighter colored highlands of the moon
Mountains exist only around the edges of Maria and were not formed by tectonic movement.

42. Surface of the Moon (cont)
Regolith - the “soil” of the Moon
Result of many impacts breaking up rock into very fine particles.
Maria has 3-5m of regolith, Terre has 10-20m.
Impact Craters - form as asteroids, meteors, and comets impact the Moon.
Lack of atmosphere leaves these craters undisturbed.

44. Motion of the Moon
If we could view the Earth moon system from above the North Pole, the moon would rotate around the Earth counterclockwise.
It also rotates once about its axis, again in a counterclockwise motion.

46. Tides
One of the most obvious effects of the relationship between the Moon and Earth are tides.
Tides are the result of the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth’s oceans.
They can cause the level of the ocean to change as much as 17 meters depending on the location

48. Types There are two types of tides.
Spring tides occur when the Moon, Earth and Sun form a straight line.
These tides are the most extreme, highest and lowest.
Gravity of Sun and Moon work together.
Neap tides occur when the Moon, Earth, and Sun form a right angle.
These tides have the least variation between high and low tide.
Gravity of Sun and Moon are work against each other.

51. Sides of the Moon
Because the Moon rotates exactly once for each revolution around the Earth, the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth.
We call this side the Near Side of the Moon.
The Far Side of the moon is often incorrectly called the Dark Side of the Moon.
The Far Side of the moon has almost no Maria.
Likely due to lack of tidal forces from Earth.

54. Phases of the Moon
Like any sphere lit by a single source, half of the moon is always dark.
As the Moon spins around Earth, we see varying amounts of this lit portion.
When the amount of the lit Moon we can see each night is getting larger the moon is considered to be waxing.
The Moon is considered to be waning as the lit portion decreases each night.

55. New Moon
The new moon occurs as the moon is between the earth and the sun.
The new moon is not visible.
It rises and sets with the sun.

56. Waxing Crescent
Is the phase in between the New Moon and the First Quarter
The edge of the Moon is on the right.
They rise between sunrise and noon and set between sunset and midnight.

57. First Quarter
The First Quarter occurs when the Moon and the Sun form a right angle with Earth.
The curved side of the Moon is on the right.
Rises at noon and sets at midnight.

58. Waxing Gibbous Occurs between the First Quarter and the Full Moon.
The more rounded side is on the right.
Waxing Gibbous moons rise between noon and sunset, and set between midnight and dawn.

59. Full Moon
Full Moons occur when the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun.
Full Moons rise at sunset and set at sunrise.
A Blue Moon occurs when there are two Full Moons in one month.

60. Waning Gibbous
The phase between a Full Moon and the Last Quarter. Gets a little smaller each night.
The more rounded side is now on the left.
Rises between sunset and midnight and sets between sunrise and noon.

61. Last Quarter
Last Quarter occur when Moon Earth and Sun form right angle.
The round side of the Moon is on the left.
Rises at midnight and sets at noon.

62. Waning Crescent Phase between the Last Quarter and the New Moon.
Edge of moon on the left
Rises between midnight and sunrise, sets between noon and sunset.

63. Eclipses
An eclipse occurs as the shadow of the Earth or Moon blocks the sun from the other.
Because the Moon revolves around Earth at a slight angle, and is quite a distance from Earth, rarely does the shadow of one obscure the other.

64. Solar Eclipse
Solar Eclipses occur as the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth.
The Moons shadow has two parts
Umbra - darker, center part of the shadow
Penumbra - lighter outer part of the shadow
An area that lies in the Umbra will see a full solar eclipse
An area that lies in the penumbra will see a partial solar eclipse.

70. Occurrence Must occur during the New Moon phase.
They occur somewhere on Earth about every 18 months.
A total solar eclipse occurs in any given area of Earth about once every 370 years.
As the shadow moves at 1700km/hr totality only lasts for at most 7.5 minutes.

71. Lunar Eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs as the Moon passes through the Earth’s shadow.
Like solar eclipses, lunar eclipses vary according to the part of the shadow that Moon passes through.
As the shadow occurs on the Moon it can be seen from the entire hemisphere that can view the Moon.
Because of this Lunar Eclipses are seen more frequently