1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Hewitt/Lyons/Suchocki/Yeh Conceptual Integrated Science Chapter 5 GRAVITY

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley This lecture will help you understand: The Legend of the Falling Apple The Fact of the Falling Moon Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law The Universal Gravitational Constant, G Weight and Weightlessness Center of Gravity Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force Projectile Motion Projectile Altitude and Range The Effect of Air Drag on Projectiles Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites Elliptical Orbits

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Legend of the Falling Apple According to legend, while Isaac Newton was sitting under an apple tree pondering the nature of forces, an apple fell and possibly struck his head. He reasoned that the Moon is falling toward the Earth for the same reason the apple falls—both are pulled by Earth’s gravity.

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Fact of the Falling Moon In ancient times, Aristotle and others believed that stars, planets, and the Moon moved in divine circles, free from forces of Earth.

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Fact of the Falling Moon The Moon falls around the Earth in the sense that it falls beneath the straight line it would follow if no force acted on it. The Moon maintains a tangential velocity, which ensures a nearly circular motion around and around the Earth rather than into it. This path is similar to the paths of planets around the Sun.

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Newton’s law of universal gravitation: Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a mutually attracting force. For two bodies, this force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them, F = G m 1  m 2 d 2d 2

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Newton discovered that gravity is universal. Every mass pulls on every other mass.

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Newton’s most celebrated synthesis is of A.earthly and heavenly laws. B.weight on Earth and weightlessness in outer space. C.masses and distances. D.the paths of tossed rocks and the paths of satellites. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Newton’s most celebrated synthesis is of A.earthly and heavenly laws. B.weight on Earth and weightlessness in outer space. C.masses and distances. D.the paths of tossed rocks and the paths of satellites. Comment: This synthesis provided hope that other natural phenomena followed universal laws, and ushered in the Age of Enlightenment. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation CHECK YOUR ANSWER

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation The greater m 1 and m 2  the greater the force of attraction between them. The greater the distance of separation d, the weaker is the force of attraction—weaker as the inverse square of the distance between their centers. F = G m 1  m 2 d 2d 2

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law Inverse-square law: relates the intensity of an effect to the inverse square of the distance from the cause The greater the distance from Earth, the less the gravitational force on an object. No matter how great the distance, gravity approaches, but never reaches, zero.

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The force of gravity between two planets depends on their A.masses and distance apart. B.planetary atmospheres. C.rotational motions. D.all of the above. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The force of gravity between two planets depends on their A.masses and distance apart. B.planetary atmospheres. C.rotational motions. D.all of the above. Explanation: The equation for gravitational force, cites only masses and distances as variables. Rotation and atmospheres are irrelevant. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law CHECK YOUR ANSWER F = G m 1  m 2 d 2d 2

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley If the masses of two planets are each somehow doubled, the force of gravity between them A.doubles. B.quadruples. C.reduces by half. D.reduces by one quarter. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley If the masses of two planets are each somehow doubled, the force of gravity between them A.doubles. B.quadruples. C.reduces by half. D.reduces by one quarter. Explanation: Note that both masses double. Then double  double = quadruple. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law CHECK YOUR ANSWER

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley If the mass of one planet is somehow doubled, the force of gravity between it and a neighboring planet A.doubles. B.quadruples C.reduces by half. D.reduces by one quarter. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley If the mass of one planet is somehow doubled, the force of gravity between it and a neighboring planet A.doubles. B.quadruples. C.reduces by half. D.reduces by one quarter. Explanation: Let the equation guide your thinking: Note that if one mass doubles, the force between them doubles. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law CHECK YOUR ANSWER F = G m 1  m 2 d 2d 2

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Universal Gravitational Constant, G G is the proportionality constant in Newton’s law of gravitation. G has the same magnitude as the gravitational force between two 1-kg masses that are 1 meter apart: 6.67  10 –11 N. So G = 6.67  10 –11 N  m 2 /kg 2. F = 6.67  10 –11 N  m 2 /kg 2 (m 1  m 2 )/d 2

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The universal gravitational constant, G, which links force to mass and distance, is similar to the familiar constant A. . B.g. C.acceleration due to gravity. D.speed of uniform motion. The Universal Gravitational Constant, G CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The universal gravitational constant, G, which links force to mass and distance, is similar to the familiar constant A. . B.g. C.acceleration due to gravity. D.speed of uniform motion. Explanation: Just as  relates the circumference of a circle to its diameter, G relates force to mass and distance. The Universal Gravitational Constant, G CHECK YOUR ANSWER

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Weight and Weightlessness Weight is the force exerted against a supporting floor or weighing scale. Weightlessness is a condition wherein a support force is lacking—free fall, for example.

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Weight and Weightlessness Example of weightlessness: Astronaut in orbit An astronaut is weightless because he or she is not supported by anything. The body responds as if gravity forces were absent, and this gives the sensation of weightlessness.

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When an elevator accelerates upward, your weight reading on a scale is A.greater. B.less. C.zero. D.the normal weight. Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When an elevator accelerates upward, your weight reading on a scale is A.greater. B.less. C.zero. D.the normal weight. Explanation: The support force pressing on you is greater, so you weigh more. Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR ANSWER

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When an elevator accelerates downward, your weight reading is A.greater. B.less. C.zero. D.the normal weight. Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When an elevator accelerates downward, your weight reading is A.greater. B.less. C.zero. D.the normal weight. Explanation: The support force pressing on you is less, so you weigh less. Question: Would you weigh less in an elevator that moves downward at constant velocity? Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR ANSWER

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When the elevator cable breaks, the elevator falls freely so your weight reading is A.greater. B.less. C.zero. D.the normal weight. Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When the elevator cable breaks, the elevator falls freely so your weight reading is A.greater. B.less. C.zero. D.the normal weight. Explanation: There is still a downward gravitational force acting on you, but gravity is not felt as weight because there is no support force, so your weight is zero. Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR ANSWER

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley If you weigh yourself in an elevator, you’ll weigh more when the elevator A.moves upward. B.moves downward. C.accelerates upward. D.all of the above. Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley If you weigh yourself in an elevator, you’ll weigh more when the elevator A.moves upward. B.moves downward. C.accelerates upward. D.all of the above. Explanation: The support provided by the floor of an elevator is the same whether the elevator is at rest or moving at constant velocity. Only accelerated motion affects weight. Weight and Weightlessness CHECK YOUR ANSWER

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Center of Gravity Center of gravity is the point located at an object’s average position of weight.

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Center of Gravity The position of object’s center of gravity relative to a base of support determines the object’s stability. Rule for stability: If the CG of an object is above or within the area of support, the object is stable. If the CG of an object extends outside the area of support, the object is unstable—and it will topple. Example: The Leaning Tower of Pisa lies above its base so it doesn’t topple.

33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Comparing the CG of women versus men, most women’s CG is A.slightly higher than in men. B.slightly lower than in men. C.equal to that of men. D.can’t be determined. Center of Gravity CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Comparing the CG of women versus men, most women’s CG is A.slightly higher than in men. B.slightly lower than in men. C.equal to that of men. D.can’t be determined. Explanation: Most women, but not all, tend to be slightly larger in the pelvis and smaller in the shoulders. Center of Gravity CHECK YOUR ANSWER

35. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force Centripetal Force is any force that causes an object to follow a circular path. Examples: The Sun pulls its planets in a nearly circular path. It is possible to whirl an empty tin can in a circular path at the end of a string. To keep the can revolving over your head in a circular path you must keep pulling inward on the string.

36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Projectile Motion Projectile is any object that moves through the air or through space under the influence of gravity. Curved path of projectile (parabola) Example: A stone thrown horizontally curves downward due to gravity.

37. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Projectile Motion A projectile curves as a result of two motions: constant motion horizontally accelerated motion vertically

38. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The velocity of a typical projectile can be represented by horizontal and vertical components. Assuming negligible air resistance, the horizontal component along the path of the projectile A.increases. B.decreases. C.remains the same. D.not enough information. Projectile Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

39. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The velocity of a typical projectile can be represented by horizontal and vertical components. Assuming negligible air resistance, the horizontal component along the path of the projectile A.increases. B.decreases. C.remains the same. D.not enough information. Explanation: Because there is no force horizontally, no horizontal acceleration occurs. Projectile Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER

40. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When no air resistance acts on a fast-moving baseball, its acceleration is A.downward, g. B.due to a combination of constant horizontal motion and accelerated downward motion. C.opposite to the force of gravity. D.centripetal. Projectile Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

41. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When no air resistance acts on a fast-moving baseball, its acceleration is A.downward, g. B.due to a combination of constant horizontal motion and accelerated downward motion. C.opposite to the force of gravity. D.centripetal. Projectile Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER

42. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Projectile Altitude and Range For equal launching speeds, the same range is obtained from two different projection angles—a pair that add up to 90 . Example: The same range occurs for a 75  launch and a 15  launch of the same initial speed.

43. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley A ball tossed at an angle of 30  with the horizontal will go as far downrange as one tossed at the same speed at an angle of A.45 . B.60 . C.75 . D.none of the above. Projectile Altitude and Range CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

44. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley A ball tossed at an angle of 30  with the horizontal will go as far downrange as one tossed at the same speed at an angle of A.45 . B.60 . C.75 . D.none of the above. Explanation: Same initial-speed projectiles have the same range when their launching angles add up to 90 . Why this is true involves a bit of trigonometry—which in the interest of time, we’ll not pursue here. Projectile Altitude and Range CHECK YOUR ANSWER

45. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The Effect of Air Drag on Projectiles With air resistance, both range and altitude are decreased. Without air resistance, the speed lost going up is the same as the speed gained while coming down.

46. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites Satellite is any projectile moving fast enough to fall continually around the Earth. To become an Earth satellite, the projectile’s horizontal velocity must be great enough for its trajectory to match Earth’s curvature.

47. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites The Earth’s curvature drops a vertical distance of 5 meters for each 8000 m tangent to the surface. So to orbit Earth, a projectile must travel 8000 m in the time it takes to fall 5 m.

48. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When you toss a projectile sideways, it curves as it falls. It will be an Earth satellite if the curve it makes A.matches the curved surface of Planet Earth. B.results in a straight line. C.spirals out indefinitely. D.none of the above. Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

49. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When you toss a projectile sideways, it curves as it falls. It will be an Earth satellite if the curve it makes A.matches the curved surface of Planet Earth. B.results in a straight line. C.spirals out indefinitely. D.none of the above. Explanation: For an 8-km tangent, Earth curves downward 5 m. So, a projectile traveling horizontally at 8 km/s will fall 5 m in that time and follow the curve of the Earth. Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites CHECK YOUR ANSWER

50. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When a satellite travels at constant speed, the shape of its path is A.a circle. B.an ellipse. C.an oval that is almost elliptical. D.a circle with a square corner, as seen throughout your book. Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

51. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When a satellite travels at constant speed, the shape of its path is A.a circle. B.an ellipse. C.an oval that is almost elliptical. D.a circle with a square corner, as seen throughout your book. Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites CHECK YOUR ANSWER

52. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Elliptical Orbits Ellipse The oval path followed by a satellite. The closed path taken by a point that moves in such a way that the sum of its distances from two fixed points (called foci) is constant.

53. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Elliptical Orbits Speed of a satellite in an elliptical orbit varies. Near Earth it initially starts greater than 8 km/s and overshoots a circular orbit and travels away from Earth. Gravity slows it down until it no longer moves away from Earth. Then it falls toward Earth gaining the speed it lost in receding. It follows the same oval-shaped path in a repetitious cycle.

54. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The speed of a satellite in an elliptical orbit A.varies. B.remains constant. C.acts at right angles to its motion. D.all of the above. Elliptical Orbits CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

55. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley The speed of a satellite in an elliptical orbit A.varies. B.remains constant. C.acts at right angles to its motion. D.all of the above. Elliptical Orbits CHECK YOUR ANSWER

56. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Elliptical Orbits Escape Speed The speed that a projectile, space probe, or similar object must reach in order to escape the gravitational influence of the Earth or of another celestial body to which it is attracted.

57. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley Elliptical Orbits The escape speed of a body is the initial speed given by an initial thrust, after which there is no force to assist motion. From Earth’s surface, escape speed is 11.2 km/s.

58. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When a projectile achieves escape speed from Earth, it A.forever leaves Earth’s gravitational field. B.outruns the influence of Earth’s gravity but is never beyond it. C.comes to an eventual stop, eventually returning to Earth at some future time. D.all of the above. Elliptical Orbits CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

59. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley When a projectile achieves escape speed from Earth, it A.forever leaves Earth’s gravitational field. B.outruns the influence of Earth’s gravity but is never beyond it. C.comes to an eventual stop, eventually returning to Earth at some future time. D.all of the above. Elliptical Orbits CHECK YOUR ANSWER