1. Funding of Religious Heritage – the Case of Denmark Contribution to RELIGARE / CNRS-Seminar Strasbourg 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk1

2. Approach: ‘in dominant church systems’ Presupposing state involvement in funding religious buildings and other religious sites contributing to national heritage Historically: churches in DK were built & owned by kings, by noble men, by monasteries and by local people. A system of churchwardens, since 1903 supplemented by congregation councils. 20 th century made church buildings within the national church freehold, governed by the congregation councils. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk2

3. Roskilde Cathedral Unesco world heritage 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk3

4. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk4

5. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk5

6. Funding Roskilde Cathedral: Maintenance: Church tax paid by church members in the town of Roskilde + payment from tourists for visits outside services Restoration: state tax, paid by all citizens, has contributed to the recent restoration. This is due to the function as royal burial place, thus an exception from a general rule. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk6

7. Jelling – national heritage (built 1100 between two Viking graves) 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk7

8. And thus also site for the official millennium celebration 03-12-2000 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk8

9. Funding Jelling village church: Maintenance: Church members in the council (85 % of population). No payment for visits to the church (open all day all year around). No state funding to maintenance. Restoration in 2000: funded by a national foundation, established with the speaker of parliament (former Roskilde University vice chancellor) as chair in order to celebrate the millennium, thus the second exception from the general rule 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk9

10. Our Savior’s Church, Copenhagen (ca 1700 - example of a tourist site) 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk10

11. Funding, Our Savior’s Church Maintenance: Church tax paid by church members in Copenhagen (50% of the population) + payment for tourists visits to the tower, whereas visits in the church is for free Restoration (2009): 15 mio Euro paid as church tax by church members in Copenhagen + ½ mio euro financed through private funding after application. No state aid. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk11

12. Our Lady’s Church, Cathedral of Copenhagen (1200, rebuild 1829) 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk12

13. Hover– early roman church, ca 1100 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk13

14. Both churches are listed as cultural sites – financed equally: Maintenance: members of the Danish national church in the local area. No state co-financing of building – no payment for visits (both are open all day) Restoration: members of the church in the local area + external private funding based on application 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk14

15. Cemeteries/churchyards 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk15

16. Funding of cemeteries: Most of the around 2.200 cemeteries are owned, maintained and restored by the church and thus funded through a combination of church taxes (paid by members only) and payment for a burial place, including maintenance of that plot. 10 Cemeteries in major cities are owned, maintained and restored by the city council; the citizens still by their burial place and thereby contribute to the maintenance of the individual plot. The Jewish community, Catholics and a few others own their own cemeteries – paid by the congregation. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk16

17. Church for Hugeunotte’s in Fredericia (1736) 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk17

18. Funding of reformed church buildings: Maintenance: the congregation (ca 2.000 people). The state does not organise any church taxes Restoration: the congregation and private funding after application. No state aid. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk18

19. Catholic St Ansgarius’ Church, Copenhagen (1840 and earlier) Maintenance: the catholic congregation in Denmark + aid from the Catholic church in Germany. No state aid in organising e.g. church taxes Restoration: church members and private funding. No payment for visits 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk19

20. Jewish Synagogue in Copenhagen (1833) 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk20

21. Funding of buildings for the Jewish congregation(s): Maintenance: the Jewish congregation. No payment for visits (however, due to security reasons, visits only by arrangement). No state organisation of sort of religious tax - Restoration: the Jewish congregation + private funding 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk21

22. Anglican St Alban’s Church (1887) Established: funding from the royal families + private funding Maintenance: the Anglican community in DK Restoration: the Anglican community in DK + private funding 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk22

23. St Aleksander Nevskij Church, Copenhagen (1883) Established, maintained and restored after the same principles as the Anglican church 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk23

24. Organisation: The Norwegian Church in Copenhagen (1953 ca) Established as part of a private organisation: Norwegian church for seamen. Now Church of Norway abroad. Co-financed by the Norwegian state (1/3), members’ fees & private funding 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk24

25. Baptist- and Evangelical Churches Establishment, maintenance & Restoration: all paid for by the members of the religious community. No state or council support. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk25

26. The most established mosque in Copenhagen – a former factory 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk26

27. City-council has accepted this project for a new Shiit-mosque in Copenhagen 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk27

28. - And this for a Sunnit-mosque, also in Copenhagen 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk28

29. Funding for Mosque’s: Establishment: the same principles as other religious communities outside the national church: the members of the community in principle. However, this leads to a huge external funding from foreign states. Maintenance & Restoration: in principle as for other non-national church communities 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk29

30. To conclude: There is in general no public funding of religious heritage in the Danish dominant church system, except when the royal family is involved And absolutely no public funding of religious buildings belonging to other religious communities, incl Muslim groups. The wisdom in this approach could be discussed. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk30

31. 15/11/2012Professor Lisbet Christoffersen, lic@ruc.dk31