1. NORSAR Seismic Modelling
NORSAR-3D
NORSAR-2D
VelRock
14/04/2017

2. NORSAR offices in Norway
This is the location of NORSAR at Olso and Bergen, Oslo being the ”mother site”.
14/04/2017

3. NORSAR vs. UiB
Agreement on cooperation between NORSAR and the University of Bergen.
NORSAR was providing Institute of Solid Earth Physics with software for use in research projects, theses and education,
includes commercial tools such as NORSAR-2D, NORSAR-3D, VelRock, HybriSeis, and
prototype software for special studies.
NORSAR is willing to extend this to include the newly formed Department of Earth Science and the CIPR.
14/04/2017

4. NORSAR-2D: Ray Modelling
Two-point tracing
Interactive
Robust
User-friendly
14/04/2017

5. NORSAR-3D: Ray Modelling
Wavefront Construction (*)
Open models
Fits for PSDM
Network of computers
(*) NORSAR is the developer of Wavefront Construction!
14/04/2017

6. NORSAR-3D: Illumination
Various Maps
Simulated Migration Amplitudes
Projects
On-going research
14/04/2017

7. Rock Physics Modelling
Analysing and predicting how different reservoir properties of porous rocks affect the seismic properties.
VP = 2.6 km/s
VS = 1.4 km/s
 = 2.2 g/cm3
Rock
Physics
lithology
fluids
porosity
permeability 
VP: P-velocity
VS: S-velocity
A basic tool for the geophysical reservoir model building is the rock physics modelling system – called VelRock - integrated in the NORSAR-2D and -3D packages. In this system various rock properties in the reservoir (like lithology, pore fluids, porosity, permeability, etc) can be represented, and these rock models can then predict how different reservoir properties influence on the seismic properties, that is velocities, densities, (and attenuation factors).
14/04/2017

8. VelRock and N2D/N3D VelRock rock models can be used in N2D/N3D
14/04/2017

9. HybriSeis Modelling of Local Target
In the HybriSeis method we combine ray tracing in the overburden with finite difference modelling in a local reservoir zone where the parameters are to be varied to form different scenarios.
This technique first calculates by ray tracing Green’s functions for the overburden from shot/receiver positions to a coupling surface at the top of the target. The Greens functions bring the wave field from shot to target and from target to receivers in the simple part of the model where ray theory is a good approximation. Since the overburden is unchanged, this needs to be done only once.
The expensive FD modelling in the complex reservoir zone can be restricted to a small box, saving a lot of computer time. This modelling must be done once for each scenario.
14/04/2017

10. Seismic Wave Simulation Tools
Ray methods
(standard software)
2D/3D Normal incidence ray tracing (zero offset unmigrated)
2D/3D Image ray tracing (zero offset migrated)
2D/3D Common shot (offset HSP/ VSP/OBC)
2D/3D Green’s functions
2D Anisotropic Ray Mapping
Special methods
(internal software)
1D Reflectivity (offset)
2D/3D Eikonal Method
2D Finite Difference
2D/3D Migrated Amplitudes
2D/3D HybriSeis
Having established the overburden and a number of reservoir models, that is a number of scenarios, we have several tools for seismic wave simulation to produce various types of seismic responses. The choice of which tool to use depends on the complexity of the model and the problem to be analysed. In our standard software we have 2D and 3D normal incidence and image ray tracing, common shot ray tracing including surface seismics, VSP and OBC, Green’s functions for Kirchhoff methods and PSDM, and anisotropic ray mapping.
In our internal software we have also 1D reflectivity modelling, 2D/3D first arrival methods, 2D finite difference methods, and a new ray based method for simulating migrated amplitudes.
For simulating seismic waves in models with a common overburden and many local reservoir scenarios, we have developed a new method called HybriSeis.
14/04/2017

11. Applications of NORSAR Software
Typical tasks
Model based analysis of well log data.
Model based analysis of velocities measured on cores.
Structural and velocity macromodel building.
Geophysical reservoir model building.
Modelling of seismic responses.
Model based processing and analysis of seismic data.
Special tasks
Time-lapse feasibility studies.
AVO modelling.
Survey planning.
Identification of multiples and peg-legs.
Greens functions for PSDM.
Amplitude and illumination maps.
Reflector-oriented amplitude recovery (ROAR).
14/04/2017

12. NORSAR-3D: Structural and Velocity Model Building 3D Wavefront construction

13. Possible Input Data Interpreted horizons (time, depth).
Pre-calculated interval velocities (const., grid, cube).
Stacking velocities, migration velocities.
Checkshots.
Well log data (P-velocity, S-velocity, density).
Petromarkers.
14/04/2017

14. Example: Undershooting of Salt Dome
Shot 
Receivers 
Salt diapir 
Targets (gas pockets) 
14/04/2017

15. Ray Paths and Reflection Points
Number of arrivals/receiver
Reflection Points
14/04/2017

16. Example: Illumination of Gas Caps
14/04/2017

17. Marine Survey
14/04/2017

18. Wavefront Construction
Wavefronts 
Raypaths 
14/04/2017

19. Bulk Modelling Depth model built from depth grids and velocity grids.
Ray modelling done by wavefront construction.
4011 shots simulated in parallel on 10 workstations in a few hours.
A total of about 24 million events for PP reflections from the target horizon (Top Reservoir) was found.
14/04/2017

20. Illumination Density Map
{Event counts}/{nominal fold(30)}
14/04/2017

21. Min. Incidence Angle in CRP
14/04/2017

22. Max. Incidence Angle in CRP
14/04/2017

23. Amplitude along Target Horizon
14/04/2017

24. Real Model Example
The example to follow was presented by Børge Rosland (Seispro) and Geir Drivenes (Enterprise Oil) in the paper “Large Scale 3D Seismic Modelling in Exploration”, paper no. C-42, EAGE meeting, Glasgow, 2000.

25. Geometry Model The first 5 reflectors are relatively flat.
The BCU reflector and pre-BCU reflectors are complex.
The P-velocity is shown on the left.
14/04/2017

26. Model and Marine Survey
Every 2nd shot lines
Target Horizon
Receivers
14/04/2017

27. Bulk Modelling Modelled shot records, ~ 40 million traces.
P-P reflection data from two reflectors:
one smooth Cretaceous reflector.
one complex pre-BCU reflector.
Single Shot Footprint
Pre-BCU Reflector
14/04/2017

28. Illumination Density Map
About
reflected rays
Illumination Density Map:
Number of reflection
points in bin cells (50x25m)
on the target horizon
Highly-curved
parts of the reflector
are strongly illuminated
14/04/2017

29. Real vs Modelled Amplitudes
Migrated Seismic Data
Reflection Amplitude
Migrated Modelled Data
Reflection Amplitude
14/04/2017

30. Migrated Modelled Data Reflection Coefficient
Modelled Amplitudes
Migrated Modelled Data
Reflection Amplitude
Normal Incidence
Reflection Coefficient
14/04/2017

31. Integrated Modelling Based Reservoir Analysis
NORSAR tools for rock physics and advanced seismic wave simulation

32. Gullfaks Time Lapse Data -1985 and 1996
OWC
Top Res.
We’ll introduce you to the NORSAR modelling capabilities simply by showing you these data from a time lapse study on the Gullfaks field on the Norwegian shelf, provided by Statoil Research Centre.
The picture shows sections from two 3D surveys, shot in 1985 and A horizontal event in the reservoir formations on both sections was interpreted as a fluid contact, that was observed to be substantially weakened throughout the 11 years of production. The top reservoir reflection have also been weakened. Are these changes consistent with a reduced oil saturation?
OWC
Top Res.
Courtesy of Statoil
14/04/2017

33. Integrated Rock Physics and Seismic Modelling
Seismic response
Well log data
Mineralogy
Geological model
Fluid simulations
Seismic data
Lab. data
In our ‘integrated modelling scheme’ we try to combine rock physics and seismic modelling within a physically consistent framework, where different types of observations or hypotheses can be entered – to produce a modelled seismic response.
14/04/2017

34. Problems of integrated modelling
Complexity of model representation, with parameters that may not have an easy physical interpretation.
No generally applicable theory for all problems.
Processes that may be difficult to quantify.
Microscopic properties may be important for large-scale properties.
Different sources and scales of data may cause inconsistencies and problems.
14/04/2017

35. Rock Physics Models  VP = 2.6 km/s VS = 1.4 km/s  = 2.2 g/cm3
Analysing and predicting how different reservoir properties of porous rocks influence on the seismic properties.
VP = 2.6 km/s
VS = 1.4 km/s
 = 2.2 g/cm3
Rock
Physics
lithology
fluids
porosity
permeability 
VP: P-velocity
VS: S-velocity
A basic tool for geophysical reservoir model building is the rock physics modelling system – called VelRock - integrated in the NORSAR-2D and -3D packages. Here various rock properties in the reservoir (like lithology, pore fluids, porosity, permeability, etc) can be represented, and these rock models can then predict how different reservoir properties influence on the seismic properties, that is velocities, densities, (and attenuation factors). The rock models may be used for predicting geophysical properties, in various sensitivity analyses and feasibility studies, and for setting the properties of the geophysical reservoir model.
14/04/2017

36. Factors Influencing on Seismic Velocities
brine
shaley sand
oil
velocity
velocity
velocity
gas
sand
shale
pore fluid
porosity
lithology
velocity
velocity
velocity
pore pressure
confining pressure
effective pressure
The different rock property factors influence seismic velocities in a lot of ways. Here we just show schematically how P-velocity may be typically affected by: pore fluid, porosity, lithology, pore pressure, confining pressure, effective pressure, age/depth, temperature and cementation. Even if the variation with each factor may seem simple, the whole system forms complex interactions that is taken care of by the rock physics modelling tool VelRock. T 3
velocity T 2
velocity
velocity T 1
age / depth
temperature
cementation
14/04/2017

37. Seismic Response of Reservoir Properties
Rock physics is the key for understanding how geological properties are manifested in seismic observations, through bright spots, AVO characteristics etc.
Rock physics modelling allows for predicting seismic rock properties at other physical conditions than observed in wells or by laboratory measurements.
Improved understanding about how rock properties influence on seismic properties and seismic response is vital to the feasibility of seismic monitoring of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Integrated rock physics and seismic modelling provide physically consistent tools for identifying and quantifying the important reservoir properties and predict their sensitivity to changes.
14/04/2017

38. Multi-well Log Data Sorting and Quality Control
rfl=1.0
rfl=1.0
Well log data provide valuable information about the target formations. But the data must be carefully edited and checked for consistency. This should include multi-well sorting and crossplotting.
Here observation of P-velocities (above) and densities (below) for brine- and oil-saturated sands from 3 wells are plotted against porosity. The density trends of the brine- and oil-saturated data are very similar considering that the fluid densities are quite different, 1.02 vs This may be caused by drilling mud invasion and should be taken into account when using the data.
14/04/2017

39. Rock Model Calibration
We will use the quality checked and corrected sonic and density data to calibrate rock models for the target formations. Such models give consistent relationships between important parameters such as porosity, lithology and pore fluid.
Rock model variables: Porosity, Lithology, Pore fluid.
14/04/2017

40. Model Based Analysis of Well Log Data
Use calibrated rock physics models for processing well log data, and predicting log properties.
Possible to combine with AVO analysis of modelled effects.
Types of analyses:
Prediction of S-wave velocity.
Prediction of impedances, elastic moduli etc.
Prediction of geophysical properties assuming other saturating fluids (fluid substitution).
Corrections for drilling mud invasion.
Lithology and fluid sensitivity analysis.
Property cross-plotting analyses (QC and diagnosis).
Pressure effect sensitivity analysis (using core measurements).
Integration of fluid simulation results.
Upscaling and homogenization.
14/04/2017

41. Prediction of S-wave Velocity Logs
Castagna
Rock model
Log data
We may apply the calibrated rock model for prediction of S-wave velocity logs from P-velocity and density measurements. Shown is a comparison with the logged S-velocity (in black), rock model predicted S-velocity (in blue) and an empirical S-velocity prediction (in red).
Note that the logged S-velocity was not used when calibrating the rock model used here. We also see that the rock model predictions well represents the logged P-velocity and density (top figure).
14/04/2017

42. Model Derived from Interpolation Between Wells
14/04/2017

43. Grid of reservoir properties
14/04/2017

44. Integration with Fluid Simulations
Sgas
Sgas
DSg
DvP
DZP
14/04/2017

45. Rock Physics Modelling of Fluid Effects
0.25 km/s
0.1 g/cm3
Another very important aspect is the modelling of fluid effects – here we have predicted P-velocity and density in a zone in the well for various fluid substitutions: a typical gas-, oil- and brine-zone. The fluid effect may be analysed seismically using 1D, 2D or 3D modelling tools.
14/04/2017

46. AVO Modelling of Fluid Effects
Brine Saturated
Gas Saturated
14/04/2017

47. Reservoir properties and amplitude variations
Lateral change in
fluid composition and
shale contents.
Modelled seismic
response from
NIP tracer
14/04/2017

48. Effect of Offset, Lithology and Saturating Fluid
Homogeneous reservoir properties
Vertical trend in lithology
GOC
GOC
Zero Offset Section
OWC
2km Offset Section
14/04/2017

49. Gullfaks 2D Reservoir Models
Scenario 1 : SOil=0.9
Scenario 2 : SOil=0.2
Having available complete velocity models and an efficient Green’s function calculation process it is quite straightforward to do Prestack Depth Migration of the HybriSeis data. These figures show PSDM images for the two example scenarios.
HybriSeis
PSDM
All offsets
14/04/2017

50. Schematic View of a Time-lapse Modelling Loop
Rock physics
Geological
model
Seismic
modelling
Seismic data
Fluid flow
simulations
Inversion
14/04/2017

51. Reservoir Target Model Building
14/04/2017

52. Modelling Based Ananlysis
14/04/2017