1. Strapping Training
Ersoy Tuncay – 2012

2. GENERAL COMPARISON

3. RANGE OF USEs OF STRAPPING
Chains, wire rope, Woven polyester, etc.
LASHING
Weight of Application
STEEL Strap
COMPOSITE STRAPPING
PET Strap
PPStrap / Stretch film
Market Volume

4. Strapping types in General
Steel strapping:
Magnus-strap Newton/mm2
Heavy packs
Apex-strap Newton/mm2
Simple / medium typ applications / cost reductions
Plastic strapping:
PET strap
PET high strength 16 – 32 mm (6.000 – Newton)
Normal PET 9 – 16 mm (2.000 – Newton)
PP strapping
Machine strapping 5 – 16 mm (500 – Newton)
Manual strapping mm (2.000 – Newton)
Polyester Corded Strapping
Manuel Application
As strong as Steel Strap and excellent retain tension performance ( 2000 kgf Break Strength)

5. STRAPPING NORMS AND STANDARTS

6. STRAP PROPERTIES Strength Tensile Strength Break Strength
Joint Efficiency
Working Range
Retained Tension
Elongation and Recovery
Impact Resistance

7. Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is characteristic of a type of material and the way it has been processed
PP N/mm2
PET N/mm2
PET N/mm2
Apex STEEL N/mm2
Magnus STEEL N/mm2
Composite Strapping n/a ( No homogenous Crossection)

8. Break strength is characteristic of a specific strap.
It is the product of cross-sectional area and tensile strength
PET 19mm x 1.27mm x 450N/mm2 = ~ 11,000N
Magnus Steel Strap 19mmx0.63mm
= 19mm x 0.63mm x 1.050N/mm2 = ~ 12,500N

9. Joint Strengts The joint strength determines the loop strength!
Examples for PET Strapping:
Pneumatic hand tools to 60% (Stick to min for variations in air pressure and flow or PET sheet material.)
Battery Charged Tool to 75% (Depending on strap type sheet single extruded)
Machines 80 to 90 % single extruded

10. Joint Strength of Composite Strapping
JOINT EFFICIENCY of POLYESTER CORDED COMPOSITE STRAPS
: 80 – 90 %

11. Joint Strength of Steel Strapping at Different Joint Types

13. Retained Tension
Retained tension is the strap tension that remains over time
Applied tension is the tension that is initially applied to a strap
Tension decay is the tension that is lost over time
Retained tension :
Steel    90 to 95%
PET      65 to 75%
PP        25 to 35%
Composite Strap 80 to 90%
The size of the strap does not affect the RT.

14. WORKING RANGE

15. Working Range
Working range of PET and steel strap are about 50% of their break strengths.
Working range of PP is about 35% of its break strength.
Working range elongation is the main reason why PET is tougher than steel. Steel     % PET      % PP- Special 6%
Composite Strapping 4 – 6%

18. Impact resistance
Impact resistance is measured by work (energy necessary) to break/deform the strap.
Calculation:
Working range (%) x Joint strength (N) x Working range elongation (%)
Comparison between Steel Strap 32 x 0,8 applied with a double notch seal, and a PET 19 x1,27mm PET Strap with battery tool :
Apex 31,75 x 0,8 mm BS is Nx 70% JS = N
50% x x 0,3 = Nmm
PET 19,05 x 1,27 BS is N x 75% JS = N
50% x x 4 = Nmm
So the PET Strap and also COMPOSITE STRAPs in this case is half the strength but 7 ( Seven) times tougher!!!!

19. Steel Strap Composite / PET Strap POUNDS / NEWTONS
Steel Strap Break Strength (BS) = 11,120 Newtons:
PET Strap BS = 5,560 Newtons
3,000 / 13345
2,500 / 11,120
2,000 / 8,896
1.500 / 6,672
1,000 / 4,448
500 / 2,224
POUNDS / NEWTONS
LOAD - ELONGATION CURVE
3,000
2,500
1,000
500
1,500
2,000 2 1 6 5 4 3 7 8
ELONGATION
Pounds
Steel Strap
Composite /
PET Strap
Work to break Steel
400 units
WORK = 1/2x0.3x2000
300 units
Work to break Composite /
PET Strap
WORK = 1/2x1000x4
2000 units

20. Choosing Your Strap

21. Factors affecting strap choice
Function or purpose of the strap
Package characteristics
Shipping or handling considerations
Strapping may perform the following functions:
package reinforcement, carton closure, securement, unitization, baling, bundling, bracing, paletization, compression retention and pilferage reduction.
Package characteristics that influence strap selection are: weight, stability, rigidity, integrity and sharpness of the edges (sharp edges may demand heavier strapping or corner protection).
Shipping considerations that affect the choice of strapping include: how far the package is shipped; how it’s handled by both the shipper and receiver; and where and how it’s stored.

22. EQUIPMENT BY PACKAGE TYPES
Shape:
Rectangular Normal hand-tools / Machines
Round Push type tools / (Machines)
Weight:
How much mass has to be held together?
Weight Straps
Package stability:
Is the product stabile by itself, is the stacking stabile?
Strapping to hold pack on pallet, or to hold pack together?
What happens when a strap breaks?
Costs
Safety
Product edges:
Does strap damage product? Corner-protection
Does product damage strap?
Need to distribute more tension?

23. Transport (Intern/Extern)
You may ask yourself the following questions:
How is the pack lifted / handled?
Forklift, magnetic overhead crane, roller-conveyor, etc.
How long is the pack in storage?
Shrinking, corrosion.
Conditions of storage?
Moisture, dust, sunlight, heat, ice, etc.
Way of storage?
Stacked, in racks
Way of transport?
Truck, train (shunting), ship, airfreight.
Distance of transport?
Domestic or Export, the more transport actions, the higher the risk .

24. At the end customer How does the end customer handle the package?
Forklift truck, roller conveyor, magnetic crane, etc.
How / when does he take the packaging apart?
Any hazards, complications?
Is there intermediate storage?
Many more handlings, very long storage times.
Does the pack get resold?
Needs to be broken down to smaller units.
Try to think further …..

25. Types of Steel Strapping
Apex
is a cold-rolled, low carbon steel strapping. It is
used for light and medium duty loads that needhigh strength and high retained tension but are not subject to impacts or shock.
Magnus
steel strapping is made from higher-carbon, cold-rolled, heat treated steel. It is used on heavy/very heavy loads that require high strength and are subject to impacts andshock during transit and handling.
USLM
steel strapping is made from higher-carbon, cold-rolled, heat treated steel. It is used on very heavy/extreme loads.

26. Chemical Analysis of Steel Strap Types

27. Why waffled strap Advantages: Disadvantages at heavy waffling :
A thicker strap with a lower Gram / Meter (Cheaper)
Stiffer, good feeding through chutes
Disadvantages at heavy waffling :
Longer weldtime, or weaker weld.
Less meterage per Kg.
Tension-wheel grips in “air”
A smaller smooth strap can replace a wider waffled strap.

28. TRUCK TRANSPORTATION

29. RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION

30. SEA TRANSPORTATION

31. NUMBER of STRAPS REQUIRED CALCULATION
Minimum Number of Straps
=(Load Weight x G Force x 1,5 )/System Strength
1,5 : Safety Factor
Safety Factor can be varied according the transportation mode and also type of the product.
System Strength of Composite Strapping = 1,6 x Nominal Break Strength

32. Çember Miktarı Hesaplama Örneği :
Palet Weight : 3000 kg
Strap Used : CS32ESTR Composite Strap
Break Strength of the Strap : 1600 kg
System Strength of the Strap : 2560 kg
Safety factor : 1,5
Minimum # of Straps should be on the Pallet = 3000 x 1,5 / 2560
= 1,76
Two ( 2 ) Straps

33. Steel Strapping vs PET / Composite Strapping
Steel Strapping has :
Advantages
Disadvantages
High Corner Strentgth
Low Elasticity
High Breaking Strength
Low Elongation Recovery
Tensionable with hand, pneumatic or fully automatic machines
Low Shock Absorbency ( Impact )
High Static System Strength if closed properly
Low3 Dynamic System Strength
Can be tensioned manually or sealed with battery tensioner
Dangerous to users , Damage to products
Also fully automatic possible
Expensive than PET / Composite strapping

38. Thank You
Ersoy Tuncay / 2012