1. Lesson 01 Introduction to Accounting

2. Contents What is accounting? Definitions and scope of accounting Book keeping, Accounting and Accountancy Accounting Environment Objectives of Accounting Accounting as an Information System

3. Contents Importance of Accounting Qualitative factors of Accounting Information Methods of Accounting Financial statements Advantages and Limitations of Accounting

4. What is Accounting? Accounting, as an information system is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating the economic information of an organization to its users who need the information for decision making. It identifies transactions and events of a specific entity. A transaction is an exchange in which each participant receives or sacrifices value (e.g. purchase of raw material).

5. What is Accounting? Cont’d…. An event (whether internal or external) is a happening of consequence to an entity (e.g. use of raw material for production). An entity means an economic unit that performs economic activities.

6. Definition of Accounting

7. Scope of accounting Observing and Identifying the Economic Activities Recording,Classifying and Summarizing Accounting information Preparing and analyzing financial statements

8. Book keeping and Accounting

9. Bookkeeping is, is the process of recording daily activities of the business, including receipts, payment, purchases, sales and expenditure. A bookkeeper is usually hired in medium to large companies that is responsible for recording these transactions. Bookkeeping is considered as a small part of accounting.

10. Book Keeping Cont’d…. Bookkeeping involves recording each and every transaction that happens in the day, which is then tallied at the end of the day and the end of the month Bookkeeping is done with the help of ledgers, account books, cash books, etc. Originally bookkeeping was done in a book, that is where the name comes from, but now it is done on various different programs on the computer

11. Accounting / Accountancy is, a part of the Finance Department that is responsible for communicating financial information about the company to people such as shareholders, managers, banks, etc. The communication takes place in the form of financial statements such as profit and loss statements, annual reports and balance sheets.

12. These statements show the amount of economic resources that is available to the management. Accountancy are divided into three main segments in medium to large companies such as accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing.

14. Accounting Environment Accounting Information Political Factors Socio and Cultural Factors Technological Factors Environmental factors Economic Factors Legal Factors

15. Objectives of Accounting To keeping systematic record To ascertain the results of the operation To ascertain the financial position of the business To portray the liquidity position To protect business properties To facilitate rational decision making To satisfy the requirements of law

17. Users of Accounting Information Owners Management Creditors Employees Investors Government Consumers Research Scholars

18. quality of the Accounting Information ComparabilityReliabilityRelevanceConsistency Understandability

19. Methods of Accounting Single Entry Double Entry

20. Process of Double entry System Preparation of Journal Preparation of Ledger Trial Balance preparation Preparation of Final Accounts

21. Financial Statements Income Statement-(Profit and Loss Account) Balance Sheet

22. Advantages of Accounting It helps in having complete record of business transactions. It gives information about the profit or loss made by the business at the close of a year It provides useful information form making economic decisions, It facilitates comparative study of current year’s profit, sales, expenses etc., with those of the previous years.

23. Advantages Cont’d…. It supplies information useful in judging the management’s ability to utilize enterprise resources effectively in achieving primary enterprise goals. It provides users with factual and interpretive information about transactions and other events It helps in complying with certain legal formalities like filing of income tax and sales-tax returns.

24. Limitations of Accounting Accounting is historical in nature: It does not reflect the current financial position or worth of a business. Transactions of non-monetary mature do not find place in accounting. Accounting is limited to monetary transactions only. It excludes qualitative elements like management, reputation, employee morale, labor strike etc. Facts recorded in financial statements are greatly influenced by accounting conventions and personal judgments of the Accountant or Management.

25. Limitations cont’d… Accounting principles are not static or unchanging-alternative accounting procedures are often equally acceptable. Cost concept is found in accounting. Price changes are not considered. Money value is bound to change often from time to time. This is a strong limitation of accounting. Accounting statements do not show the impact of inflation.