1. Standard II test review Cells

2. Collecting information by Field observations
One of the things you might observe is birds on many different islands. You may find that they are flightless birds. Why?
From collecting and organizing data you may conclude that there are no predators on these islands so birds don’t need to fly.

3. What is an inference It is an assumption based on an observation.
Same group – 1 bonus point. For example, If I measure the length of different fish in one area of a stream and I found most of them to be about 4 inches long, what might I infer?
Natural selection favors lengths of 4 inches

4. The fish are all 3 to 8 inches
Most of the fish are less than 6 inches
Natural selection favors lengths of 5 to 6 inches

5. Fill in the blanks
Organisms are composed of one or more ?
cells
Cells are made of
Molecules
Molecules are made of
atoms
Cells are responsible for
Performing life functions
Cells come from
preexisting cells.

6. Put these words in order from smallest to largest Cells, atoms, molecule, organelle, organism, organ, organ system, tissues.
Atom
Molecule
organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

7. What are the 4 major elements of life?
CHON
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What are the six elements main elements
CHONS P
(includes Sulfur and phosphorus)
Same team 1 bonus point –
What are the seven main elements
CHONS CaP
(includes calcium)

8. 2 points - What are the four major macromolecules
2 points - What are the four major macromolecules? And which ones contain Nitrogen?
Fats (CHO) – Lipids, adipose
Proteins (CHON) – muscles and enzymes
Carbohydrates (CHO) - starch
Nucleic acids (CHON -) - DNA

9. How many Calories per gram?
Fats
9 cal / gram
Proteins –
4-5
Carbohydrates –

10. What is diffusion?
Something moves through a cell membrane from high concentration to low
Is this passive or active transport?
Passive
Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane helps to maintain
Homeostasis

11. What is Osmosis?
Diffusion (movement) of water through a selectively permeable membrane (from high concentration to low)
Is this active or passive transport?
passive

12. What is active transport
Something that needs help to get through a membrane.
Bonus point - What molecule usually helps it? (The energy molecule)
ATP

13. Algae that contain 200 times more iodine than its surroundings
Algae that contain 200 times more iodine than its surroundings.If there things are different on different sides of the membrane, it is usually due to what . . .
Active transport

14. What is homeostasis?
A way to maintain a healthy internal environment (like your thermostat).
How does diffusion help with this?
Stuff moves across a membrane until there is a balance on each side.

15. What else must maintain homeostasis??? Give some examples and explain.
All organ systems – like respiration – gas exchange, urinary – remove waste and control the amount of sodium ions, blood – sugar and nutrients).

16. Name an organel in an animal cell and tell me what it does
Nucleus
– the boss – contains chromosomes and DNA stuff.
Mitochondria
– energy guy (aerobic respiration and ATP)
Lysosome
– suicide sack (digestive enzymes)

17. Ribosomes
– make protein
Endoplasmic reticulum
– hold Ribosomes
Golgi
– mail room (packaging and sorting)

18. Name 3 things that are special to plants.
Cell wall
Chloroplasts – do photosynthesis
Big vacuoles – store sap

19. What is something that animal cells have that plant cells don’t
Centrioles – remember mitosis and cell division

20. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide (C02)
+ Water (H20)
Oxygen
(02)
Sugar
C6H1206 6 6 6

21. What is the equation for CELLULAR respiration?
Oxygen
(02)
Sugar
C6H1206
Carbon dioxide (C02)
Water (H20) 6 6 6

22. Fermentation
When you make bread, you add yeast and water and some sugar. What makes the bread rise?
Yeast causes a gas to be released.
What is the gas? (hint it is like respiration)
Carbon dioxide

23. Fermentation continued
If you want to know how the amount of sugar affects the rate of respiration of yeast in water what type of experiment might you do?
make lots of bread and change the amount of sugar to see how big the bread will rise, what is the independent variable?
The amount of sugar
What is the dependent variable?
How high the bread will rise.

24. What does an enzyme do to a reaction?
Increases the rate.
Is it a protein, fat or carbohydrate?
Protein

25. What is a solute?
Water (or some liquid) with stuff (like salt or sugar) in it.
What is the solvent?
The water or the liquid stuff.
Why is water a good solvent?
Because it is polar.

26. What are proteins made of?
Amino acids.
What is a monomer?
One unit of something (an amino acid)
What is a polymer?
Many monomers (a protein)
What is the job of a protein?
Structural use and enzyme formation

27. What is turgor pressure?
Your celery gets crisp when you spray it with water.
What is plasmolysis?
Just the opposite.
Carbon dioxide moves into the leaves of a plant by?
Diffusion.

28. What is endocytosis? An amoeba takes its food in by surrounding it.
Is this active transport or passive transport?
Active transport.

29. If the food particle was a dust particle, what would happen?
Nothing it would stay as it is in the first step.
What is happening at #1 in the last step?
The lysosome and food vacuole are joining to digest the food particle.

30. Biological tools
Compound microscopes – to see the outer part of the cytoplasm (cell membrane) and to see the nucleus
Electron microscope – ER connects with the nuclear membrane.
Biological dyes – too see chromosomes
Chemical analysis – Chromosomes are made of DNA

31. The development of the cell theory in the 1800s was made possible by what?
The microscope

32. Acid - Base pH 1 - 7 = ? Acid pH 7 = ? Neutral
pH 7-14 = base (alkaline)

33. What is a solute
Something being dissolved in something else (sugar, water)
What is a solvent?
Something that you are dissolving the stuff into (like water)
What are the solvent properties of water.
Water has the ability to dissolve lots of stuff.
Why is this cool for cells?
It allows atoms to pass through the cell membrane
Water

34. What is blood made of?
Blood has cells, dissolved gases, wastes and nutrients in a fluid called plasma.
What is the main component of plasma?
Water
Many vital materials can dissolve in plasma. Why?
Because of waters solvent properties.