2. PAST PERFECT Past actions previous to other past actions Past perfectPast Simple Train leaving. 7.15 Me getting at the station- 7.30

3. PAST PERFECT EX: I got to the station at 7-30 but the train to London had already left.

4. PAST PERFECT Before/ after/By the time – After he had asked for a loan, the owner decided not to sell the house. – By the time he was sixteen, he had lived in twenty different countries.

5. We use this tense when we want to show two past actions; one happened before the other.

6. Examples : I didn’t have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul very well because he had visited the city several times. I had finished my homework when the phone rang. We loved the presents which our uncle had brought us.

7. Past perfect tense Affirmative had + past participle e.g.: I had studied English before I moved to New York. Negative hadn’t + past participle e.g.: I hadn’t studied English before I moved to New York. Question Had + subject + P.P. …? e.g.: Had you studied English before you moved to New York? Time Expressions before – after – as soon as – when – by the time – the previous day – the week before – till – until - No sooner …… than

8. Examples using time expressions for past perfect tense: After : + past perfect + past simple Past simple + + past perfect e.g.: After I had eaten lunch, I had a doze. After

9. Before/By the time: + past simple + past perfect Past perfect + + past simple e.g.: I had eaten lunch before I had a doze. By the time I was three I had learned to walk. By the time Before By the time Before

10. As soon as: + past perfect + past simple Past simple + + past perfect e.g.: As soon as I had come, I took a shower. As soon as

11. No sooner …… than: + had + subject + p.p. + + subject + past simple e.g.: No sooner had I done my homework than I went to bed. No sooner Than

12. till/until: Past simple + + past perfect (negative) e.g.: I didn’t go out till I had taken a shower. till untill

13. Forgot, remembered, realized, knew: With forgot, remembered, realized, knew, we use past perfect simple to describe the past events happened before the moment we forgot, remembered or realized something. e.g.: When Franklin checked the ship’s position, he realized he had made a mistake. When I arrived home, I remembered that I hadn’t made my bed in the morning.

14. Put the verbs in brackets in the past perfect or the past simple: 1.The fire………..(be) put out before the firemen…………(arrive). 2.After the game……..(end), the crowd………… (leave) the ground. 3.The bell………. (already ring) when I ………… (arrive) at school. 4.By the time it ……….. (begin) to rain, I ………. (reach) home.

15. 5.John had nothing to smoke because he…….. (forget) to buy tobacco. 6. I ………. (not speak) to her until she………. (return) the money. 7. No sooner ……. the children…….. (go) to bed than the house (become)………….. quiet. 8. As soon as he …………(tell) me the story, the boys ………… (clap) their hands. 9. When I insulted my friend I knew that I (make) …………….. a big mistake. 10. He couldn’t walk properly after he ………….. (injure) his foot.