1. Unit Four Big Cities and Small Towns

2. Unit Four Big Cities and Small Towns 1.Vocabulary 2. Text 1)Background Information 2)Key phrases 3)Paraphrases 4)Summary 3. Grammar 4. Practical writing

3. Vocabulary

4. 1. adjust v.: to get used to a new situation. 1. adjust v.: to get used to a new situation. adjust to sth /to doing ;adjust yourself to sth. adjust to sth /to doing ;adjust yourself to sth. adjust v. ---adjustment n. ---adjustable adj. adjust v. ---adjustment n. ---adjustable adj. 2. civil adj. ---civilize v. ---civilized adj. ---civilization n. 2. civil adj. ---civilize v. ---civilized adj. ---civilization n. civilization : a state of human society that is very civilization : a state of human society that is very developed and organized. developed and organized. e.g. China is a famous old country with ancient civilization. e.g. China is a famous old country with ancient civilization. 3. concern v.: to worry ; to involve 3. concern v.: to worry ; to involve concern---concerned adj.---concerning prep. (to be about sth) concern---concerned adj.---concerning prep. (to be about sth) 4. appoint v.: to choose sb for a job or position of 4. appoint v.: to choose sb for a job or position of responsibility. responsibility. appoint---appointee n. ---appointment n. ---disappoint v. appoint---appointee n. ---appointment n. ---disappoint v. 5. moist adj: slightly wet moist---moisten v. ---moisture n. moist---moisten v. ---moisture n.Vocabulary

5. 6. conscious adj.: to be able to know what happens be conscious of sth/doing sth be conscious of sth/doing sth conscious--- consciousness n. ---consciousness-raising n. conscious--- consciousness n. ---consciousness-raising n. ---consciously adv. ---consciously adv. 7. industrial adj.: of or relating to industry industry n. ---industrial adj. --industrialization n. industry n. ---industrial adj. --industrialization n. e.g. agriculture---agricultural; commerce---commercial e.g. agriculture---agricultural; commerce---commercial finance---financial; economic---economical finance---financial; economic---economical education---educational; culture---cultural education---educational; culture---cultural politics---political politics---political 8. occur v.: to come into being; happen occur to sb :(of an idea or thought) to come into your occur to sb :(of an idea or thought) to come into your mind mind occur---occurrence n. occur---occurrence n. Vocabulary

6. Vocabulary 9. punctual adj.: neither early nor late punctual ---punctuality n. ---punctually adv. punctual ---punctuality n. ---punctually adv. 10. variety n.: a number of different sorts of the same thing vary v. ---variety n. ---various adj. ---variously adv. vary v. ---variety n. ---various adj. ---variously adv.

7. Text

8. When it comes to big cities in the world, New York is always regarded as the biggest city in the world. New York is the center of almost everything such as finance, commerce, industry, theater, fashion, Arts and amusements etc., except the federal government. When it comes to big cities in China, which two cities must we think of ? Of course, they are Beijing and Shanghai. Could you tell us the difference between the two big cities? When it comes to big cities in the world, New York is always regarded as the biggest city in the world. New York is the center of almost everything such as finance, commerce, industry, theater, fashion, Arts and amusements etc., except the federal government. When it comes to big cities in China, which two cities must we think of ? Of course, they are Beijing and Shanghai. Could you tell us the difference between the two big cities? Background Information

9. Though Beijing and Shanghai are different from each other, the two cites have special advantages over others. As we all know, they attracts a large of various people, who are ambitious and excellent in various directions---in the arts, in the professions, in trade, and so on. So, the big cities become more important centre for human activities than any other ordinary city in the country. Theatres, banks, libraries, government buildings, museums, famous universities, great churches, business offices, etc., are built here and there in the big cities. The government officials, scholars, artist, business men and tourists from the other countries all help to influence the life of the big cities and make them international. There are so many opportunities for young men to have their careers. Background Information

10. Key phrases 一件大事： a major event 应邀参加： be invited to 缓慢下来： slow down 习惯于： get used to 偶然出现： accidentally occur 引起兴奋的源头： a source of excitement 忙碌；奔波： on the move 相反；另一方面： on the other hand 整理客厅： straighten the living room 约定的时间 : the appointed time

11. Paraphrases Lines 11-12: “In Hobbs … evaporates.” Even when rare wetness is felt it quickly goes into steam and disappear. Lines 16-17: “It is so … of civilization.” Hobbs was such a quiet and small town that at the first the author felt that she was almost leading a primitive life there. Lines 24-25:“A stranger in … and curiosity.” Any visitor from another place would cause excitement among people at Hobbs who might wonder about the visitor with great interest.

12. Grammar Grammar Tips: 被动语态 1. 系动词，不及物动词和一些不及物动词短语不能用于被 动语态。 2. 在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾补是动 词，这个动词前往往不带 to ， 当用被动语态时， 不定式 的 to 就不能省略。 3. 带双宾语的动词在使用被动语态时，其中的一个宾语作 主语，而另一个人保留在后面，作保留宾语。 4. 如果动词的宾语是反身代词或相互代词，则该动词不能 变为被动语态。 5.want, deserve, need, require 与 worth 等 次的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

13. Practical Writing Practical Writing Addressing Envelopes John Smith 23 East Seaview Av. San Diego, 923061 Brazil Thomas More Atlantic Trading Inc. 190 Fulton Driver Washington, DC 22129 USA