1. Classification

2. It’s alive

3. Section Objectives:
Evaluate the history, purpose, and methods of taxonomy.
Explain the meaning of a scientific name (binominal nomenclature).
Show the levels of organization (taxa).

4. Classification
The grouping of objects or information based on similarities.
Cat Frog

5. Classification

6. How Classification Began
Taxonomy (tak SAH nuh mee)
The branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
Mother tiger raise piglets after cubs die.

7. Taxonomists
Biologists who study taxonomy.

8. Aristotle
Greek – B.C.
First to develop a biological classification system.
Classified things as either a plant or an animal.

9. Aristotle’s system
He subdivided plants into three groups, herbs, shrubs, and trees, depending on the size and structure of a plant.
He grouped animals according to various characteristics, including their habitat and physical differences.

10. Aristotle’s system
He subdivided plants into three groups, herbs, shrubs, and trees, depending on the size and structure of a plant.

11. Aristotle’s system
As time passed, more organisms were discovered and some did not fit easily into Aristotle’s groups, but many centuries passed before Aristotle’s system was replaced.

12. Linnaeus
Swedish - ( )
Based his classification system on physical and structural similarities.
As a result, the groupings revealed the relationships of the organisms.

13. Example Bats fly but they produce milk for their young.
[Are they a bird or a mammal?]
Answer:
They are Mammals

14. Linnaeus

15. How are evolutionary relationships determined?
Evolutionary relationships are determined on the basis of similarities in structure, breeding behavior, geographical distribution, chromosomes, and biochemistry.

16. Structural similarities
Structural similarities among species reveal relationships.
The presence of many shared physical structures implies that species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ancestor.

17. Evolutionary Relationships
Are determined by similarities in structure, breeding behavior, geographical distribution, chromosomes, and biochemistry (DNA).

18. Structural similarities
For example, plant taxonomists use structural evidence to classify dandelions and sunflowers in the same family, Asteraceae, because they have similar flower and fruit structures.

19. Similarities
Taxonomists observe and compare features among members of different taxa and use this information to infer their evolutionary history.

20. Classifying Diversity

21. General Specific Section 18-1 Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Specific

22. Classification of Organisms
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

23. Taxonomic rankings
Compare the appearance of a lynx, Lynx rufus, a bobcat, Lynx canadensis, and a mountain lion, Panthera concolor.
Mountain
lion
Lynx
Bobcat

24. Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Genus
Lynx
Species
Lynx
canadensis
Lynx
rufus
Bobcat
Lynx

25. What are the taxa they all have in common?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class and Order

26. Binomial nomenclature (Scientific Name)
Developed by Linnaeus.
The first word used identifies the genus of the organism.
The second word, which often describes a characteristic of the organism.

27. Genus (JEE nus) (plural, genera)
consists of a group of similar species.
Just because they look alike it doesn’t make them alike.

28. Latin Is the most common language of scientific names. canis : dog.
aranea : spider's web
cavus : hole, pit
claudus : lame
contra : (+ acc.) against
decor : beauty, grace

29. Scientific Names
Should be italicized in print and underlined when handwritten.
The first letter of the genus name is uppercase, but the first letter of the descriptive name is lowercase.
Passer domesticus

30. Question 1 A. by their common genus B. by their analogous structures
How did Aristotle group organisms such as birds, bats, and insects?
A. by their common genus
B. by their analogous structures
C. by their common species
D. by their homologous structures

31. The answer is B.
The organisms were grouped together because of their wings, which, in this case, are analogous structures.

32. Question 2 A. genus B. family C. order D. phylum
Which taxon contains the fewest species?
A. genus
B. family
C. order
D. phylum
The answer:
A, genus.

33. Question 3
What is the difference between “classification” and “taxonomy?”
Answer
Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies and names organisms based on their different characteristics.

34. Question 4
What are the two parts that make up binomial nomenclature?
Answer
Binomial nomenclature comprises a genus name followed by a specific epithet.

35. Classify the following based on function.
Desk
Chair
Calculator
Stool
Bookcase
Computer
lights
T.V.

36. 6 Kingdoms

37. 6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Animals
Protists
Fungi
Plants

38. Bacteria All bacteria are Unicellular Prokaryotic
They were probably the first organisms on the earth.

39. Bacteria Eubacteria – True bacteria Ex: streptococcus
Which causes strep throat.

40. Bacteria Archaebacteria- Archae means ancient
Most are anaerobic, (live in environments with no oxygen).

41. Animals: Multicellular consumers
Heterotrophs.
Nearly all are motile.
Animal cells do not have cell walls.

42. Animals
Invertebrates & Vertebrates

43. Protists Plant like Fungus like Animal like
The kingdom into which things are placed that can not be placed in any other kingdom.

44. Kingdom Protista contains
Kingdom Protista contains diverse species that share some characteristics
Anal
pore
A Paramecium

45. Fungi

46. Fungi: Earth’s decomposers
Organisms in Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs that do not move from place to place.
A fungus is either a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment.

47. Fungi: Earth’s decomposers

48. Plants: Multicellular oxygen producers
Photosynthetic eukaryotes that are stationary.
Cape Sundew

49. What is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics?
Taxonomy

50. Who developed binomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus

51. Name the 7 levels of taxa Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus
Species

52. Name the 6 kingdoms. Plant Animal Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protist
Fungi

53. Life’s Six Kingdoms

54. More Classification
Litter hurts Turtle survives!!

55. Classification

56. Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species.

57. Cladistics
Classification system that believes organisms evolved from a common ancestral group. As they evolve they retain some unique traits from that ancestor.

58. Cladistics

59. Geographical distribution
Probing
Bills
Grasping
Bills
Crushing
Bills
Feeders
Cactus
Insect
Seed
Feeders
Feeders
Fruit
Parrot
Bills
Feeders
Ancestral Species

60. Geographical distribution
These finches probably spread into different niches on the volcanic islands and evolved over time into many distinct species. The fact that they share a common ancestry is supported by their geographical distribution in addition to their genetic similarities.

61. Chromosome comparisons
For example, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli look different but have chromosomes that are almost identical in structure.

62. Chromosome comparisons
Therefore, biologists propose that these plants are related.

63. Question 1 A. chromosome comparisons B. biochemistry
Which of the following is NOT a way to determine evolutionary relationships?
A. chromosome comparisons
B. biochemistry
C. specific epithets
D. geographical distribution
The answer is C.

64. Question 2
How does a cladogram differ from a pedigree?
Answer
Pedigrees show the direct ancestry of an organism from two parents. Cladograms show a probable evolution from an ancestral group.

65. Question 3
Allosaurus
Velociraptor
Robin
Archaeopteryx
Sinornis
Theropods
Feathers with
shaft, veins,
and barbs
Flight feathers;
arms as long
as legs
3-toed foot;
wishbone
Down
feathers
Light bones
Using the cladogram, which of the following traits would be a primitive trait?

66. Allosaurus
Velociraptor
Robin
Archaeopteryx
Sinornis
Theropods
Feathers with
shaft, veins,
and barbs
Flight feathers;
arms as long
as legs
3-toed foot;
wishbone
Down
feathers
Light bones
The answer is light bones. Primitive traits are traits that evolved very early.

67. Question 4
Why do taxonomists use Latin names for classification?
Answer
Latin is no longer used in conversation and, therefore, does not change.

68. Question 5
What is the relationship between cladistics and taxonomy?
Answer
Cladistics is one kind of taxonomy that is based on phylogeny.

69. Question 6 Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Genus
Lynx
Species
Lynx
rufus
Lynx
canadensis
Bobcat
Lynx

70. Both organisms are members of the same kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, and genus but belong to different species.

71. Question 7 Which taxon contains the others? A. order B. class C. genus
D. family
The answer is B.

72. Question 3 Which of the following pairs of terms is NOT related?
A. specific epithet – genus
B. binomial nomenclature – Linnaeus
C. biology – taxonomy
D. Aristotle – evolutionary relationships
The answer is D.

73. Question 5
What two main characteristics distinguish the members of the six kingdoms?
Answer
The two characteristics are differences in cellular structures and methods of obtaining energy.

74. Question 6
Which of the following is NOT true of both the animal and plant kingdoms?
A. both contain organisms made up of cells
B. tissues are organized into organs
C. cells are organized into tissues
D. cells contain cell walls
The answer is D.

75. Question 7 Which of the following describes a fungus?
A. autotrophic prokaryote
B. unicellular or multicellular heterotroph
C. unicellular autotroph
D. heterotrophic prokaryote

76. The answer is B, unicellular or multicellular heterotroph.

77. Question 10
Why do some scientists believe that plants existed on Earth’s landmasses much earlier than fossils indicate?
Answer
Plants do not fossilize as often as organisms that contain hard structures, like bones, which more readily fossilize than soft tissues.