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Lawrence R. Walker and his Primary Succession Studies Xuan Chen BIOL 7083 - Community Ecology Presentation http://kariecology.blogspot.com/2011/02/succession.html
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Contents Introduction of L. R. Walker His primary succession studies His other research His influence on community ecology studies
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Character Intro Ph.D., University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1985 Stanford University University of Hawaii University of Puerto Rico University of Nevada, professor of Department of Biological Science (1) Succession in plant communities (2) Community responses to disturbance (3) Restoration http://sols.unlv.edu/Walker/LR%20Walker.htm
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Contents Introduction of L. R. Walker His primary succession studies His other research His influence on succession studies
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Primary Succession Studies Succession – directional change in community composition at a site, initiated by natural or anthropogenic disturbance, or the creation of a new site. Copy from Dr. Kyle Harms’ slides
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Primary Succession Studies
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Connell and Slatyer, 1977, The American Naturalist Primary Succession Studies
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Disturbance (new habitat) Early succession species Later succession species Facilitate Inhibit Neutral Stable ecosystem Primary Succession Studies Primary successionSecondary succession
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Primary Succession Studies Primary succession can be defined as directional changes in plant communities after severe disturbances that leave no soil layers intact, or the creation of a new site. Methods (1) Field observations and experiments (such as artificial fertilization, transplanting and sowing of seeds) (2) Growth experiments under more controlled greenhouse conditions (3) Lab analyses of plant and soil nutrients
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Primary Succession Studies Primary succession: nitrogen limited Later, P (and/or other elements) but not nitrogen limited Walker & Syers, 1976, Geoderma
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Primary Succession Studies River floodplains in Alaska Volcanic substrates in Hawaii Landslides in Puerto Rico Glacial moraines in Alaska http://www.journalofecology.org/view/0/edchoice983.html http://ecolibrary.org/page/dp430 science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/swan/vs/repeat_photo http://news.lternet.edu/images/taiga-floodplain-tanana-river-alaska
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Primary Succession Studies River floodplains in Alaska Volcanic substrates in Hawaii Landslides in Puerto Rico Glacial moraines in Alaska http://www.journalofecology.org/view/0/edchoice983 http://ecolibrary.org/page/dp430 science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/swan/vs/repeat_photo http://news.lternet.edu/images/taiga-floodplain-tanana-river-alaska
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Walker et al., 1986, Ecology
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Stochastic events Fluvial processes, timing, intensity, and scale of riverine disturbance Life history traits Seed rain
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Walker et al., 1986, Ecology High seed rain Low seed rain
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Stochastic events Fluvial processes, timing, intensity, and scale of riverine disturbance Life history traits Seed rain Growth rate Life span
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Walker et al., 1986, Ecology
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Nitrogen fixer Dense litter layer Seeding germination and establishment Snowshoe hareSeeding mortality Thick stands Reduced light intensity Root competitionSeeding growth Allelopathy Primary succession: nitrogen limited, need nitrogen fixer Inhibit
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Primary Succession Studies River floodplains in Alaska Volcanic substrates in Hawaii Landslides in Puerto Rico Glacial moraines in Alaska http://www.journalofecology.org/view/0/edchoice983.html http://ecolibrary.org/page/dp430 science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/swan/vs/repeat_photo http://news.lternet.edu/images/taiga-floodplain-tanana-river-alaska Inhibit
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Dryas spruce alder
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Seed dispersal spruce alder Dryas
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spruce alder Shade out Herbivores and pathogens Allelopathy
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Chapin et al., 1994, Ecological Monographs
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Life history Species interaction Environmental factors their relative importance changes through succession
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Primary Succession Studies River floodplains in Alaska Volcanic substrates in Hawaii Landslides in Puerto Rico Glacial moraines in Alaska http://www.journalofecology.org/view/0/edchoice983.html http://ecolibrary.org/page/dp430 science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/swan/vs/repeat_photo http://news.lternet.edu/images/taiga-floodplain-tanana-river-alaska Inhibit Complex
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Upper zone: nearly complete removal of soil and vegetation Lower zone: heterogeneous mixture of broken plants parts, and soil Islands
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Elevation Size Land use history Surrounding vegetation Soil development Biotic interaction
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Regionally Locally Stochastic Predictable
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Primary Succession Studies River floodplains in Alaska Volcanic substrates in Hawaii Landslides in Puerto Rico Glacial moraines in Alaska http://www.journalofecology.org/view/0/edchoice983.html http://ecolibrary.org/page/dp430 science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/swan/vs/repeat_photo http://news.lternet.edu/images/taiga-floodplain-tanana-river-alaska Inhibit Complex Scale
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Myrica faya Myrica faya Metrosideros polymorpha germination Leaf litter canopy seedling root competition nitrogen Metrosideros polymorpha
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severe suitable environmental severity facilitate compete facilitate compete Pioneer species Later species
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environmental severity / succession stages facilitate inhibit Pioneer species Later species
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Opportunities for studies of succession http://www.flickr.com/photos/bpamerica/5145807500/sizes/m/in/photostream/ We can imagine a study that investigates succession after invasion of a non-native as a result of climate change that might be used to suggest restoration measures to protect local biodiversity http://www.mass.gov/dcr/watersupply/watershed/biodiversity.htm
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Contents Introduction of L. R. Walker His primary succession studies His other research His influence on succession studies
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(1) Chronosequences study successionLong term without disturbance
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successionLong term without disturbanceDecline phase significant reduction in ecosystem productivity and standing plant biomass
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Wardle et al., 2004, Science Later, P (and/or other elements) but not nitrogen limited
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biomass richness tree herbaceous
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Restoration Succession Site amelioration Development of community structure Nutrient dynamics Species life history traits Species interactions Modeling the transitions between successional stages and how those stages fit together into trajectories (2) Restoration
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RestorationSuccession Clarify successional processes Improve the predictability of succession
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(3) Invasive ecology (4) Hurricane ecology ……
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Contents Introduction of L. R. Walker His primary succession studies His other research His influence on succession studies
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Primary succession is complex Study methods Restoration
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Thank you http://mrswolfgang.wikispaces.com/Peace+Neal+-+Ecological+Succession
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References Bellingham, P.J., Peltzer, D.A., Lawrence R. Walker, L. R. 2005. Contrasting impacts of a native and an invasive exotic shrub on flood-plain succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 16 (1): 135-142. Callaway, R.M. and L.R. Walker. 1997. Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities. Ecology 78:1958-1965. Chapin, F.S., Walker, L.R., Fastie, C.L., Sharman, L.C. 1994. Mechanisms of Primary Succession Following Deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 64:149–175. Myster, R.W., Walker, L R. 1997. Plant successional pathways on Puerto Rican landslides. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13 (2): 165-173. Prach, K., Walker, L R. 2011. Four opportunities for studies of ecological succession. Trends in Ecological and Evolution 26 (3): 119-123. Shiels, A.B., Walker, L.R. 2003. Bird perches increase forest seeds on Puerto Rican landslides. Restoration Ecology 11: 1-9. Vitousek, P.M., Walker, L.R. 1989. Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii: Plant demography, nitrogen fixation, and ecosystem effects. Ecological Monographs 59:247- 265. Vitousek, P.M., Walker, L.R., Whiteaker, L.D. 1993. Nutrient Limitations to plant-growth during primary succession in Hawaii-volcanos National Park. Biogeochemistry 23 (3): 197-215. Vitousek, P.M., Walker, L.R., Whiteaker, L.D., Muellerdombois, D., Matson P.A. 1987. Biological invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem development in Hawaii. Science 238 (4282):802- 804. Walker, L. R., Chapin, III. F. S. 1986. Physiological controls over seedling growth in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain. Ecology 67: 1508 1523. Walker, L.R., del Moral, R.2009. Lessons from primary succession for restoration of severely damaged habitats. Applied Vegetation Science 12: 55-67. Walker, L.R., Bellingham, P.B., Peltzer, D.A. 2006. Plant characteristics are poor predictors of microsite colonization during the first two years of primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 17:397-406. Walker, L.R., Clarkson, B.D., Silvester, W., Clarkson, B.R. 2003. Colonization dynamics and facilitative impacts of a nitrogen-fixing shrub in post-volcanic primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 277-290. Walker, L. R., Zasada, J. C., Chapin, III. F. S. 1986. The role of life history processes in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain. Ecology 67: 1243 1253. Walker, L.R., Zimmerman, J.K., Lodge, D.J., Guzmán-Grajales, S. 1996. An altitudinal comparison of growth and species composition in hurricane-damaged forests in Puerto Rico. Journal of Ecology 84: 877-889. Walker, L.R., Voltzow, J., Ackerman, J.D., Fernandez, D.S., Fetcher, N. 1992. Immediate impact of Hurricane Hugo on a Puerto Rican rain forest. Ecology 73:691-694. Walker, L.R., Zarin, D., Fetcher, N., Myster, R., Johnson, A. 1996. Ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides in the Caribbean. Biotropica 28: 566-576. Wardle, D., Walker, L.R., Bardgett, R.D. 2004. Ecosystem properties and forest decline in contrasting long term chronosequences. Science 305:509-513.
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