1. CHEMICAL ADDITIVES AND SURFACTANTS ON KRAFT PULPING OF E. CAMALDULENSIS
Student : Md.Jabed Hasan
Committee : Dr. Esa Viljakainen (Chairperson)
Dr. Mousa M. Nazhad
Prof. Seyed Ahmad Mirshokraie
Dr. Esa Lehtinen
May, 2009

2. CONTENTS Introduction Literature review Experimental
Results and discussions
Conclusion
Positive outcome of the thesis
Recommendations

3. Introduction Now pulp and paper industries have two major problems
1.Environmental problem
2.Economic problem
To reduce deforestation
To protect environment
To reduce cost
To make the process more environment friendly

4. Introduction
The wood costs, almost 50% of the production costs for a pulpmill.
The average global conifer wood price reached a new all-time-high of
US$112.53/odmt (oven-dry metric ton) in the 2Q/08.
This was up 11% from 2007 and 26% higher than two years ago.
Source: according to the [2Q 2008 ] market report Wood Resource Quarterly (WRQ).

5. Introduction
The average non-conifer wood fiber costs were reaching a record-high of US$108.77/odmt in the 2Q,
which was up 16% from a year ago and 23% higher than in 2006.
Some of the largest increases have occurred in Brazil where costs for pulpwood traded in the open market have increased over 300 % in five years in US dollar terms, and more than 200 % as measured in the Brazilian Reais.
Source: according to the [2Q 2008 ] market report Wood Resource Quarterly (WRQ).

6. Introduction
Environmental regulations in different countries have been set a limit of the amount of effluent (its components) discharges.

7. Pulp mill effluent
Source:

8. River pollution by effluent
Source:

9. River pollution by effluent
Source:

10. Pulp mills release toxins such as dioxin and furan and other organochlorines in their effluent
Source:

11. Picture of Boreal forest
Source: Save Our Boreal Forests, the Mystery and the Heritage, Wilderness Committee Educational Report, Vol.11 - No.07, Fall 1992

12. Objectives of the study
Science, there is no superior pulping procedure than kraft process,
We have to improve the process
either by process modification like MCC, EMCC, RDH.
or by adding some chemicals to improve yield and delignification.

13. Introduction
Process modification requires major capital investment and increase recovery boiler load.
Digester additives are less costly alternatives for decreasing kappa number and improving yield.
Digester modifications and pulping additives do not work antagonistically but are complementary

14. Objectives of the study
Table: Chemical Composition of E. urophylla and E. camaldulensis.
Tree specie
Density, g/cm3
Cellulose, %
Lignin, %
Pentozan, %
Ash,%
E. urophilla
E. camaldulensis
0.57
0.55
47.6
48.1
25.4
27.5
19.2
19.6
0.6
0.7
● In Thailand, 5-year-old E. camaldulensis gave 72% holocellulose, 29% lignin, 12% pentosan and 8% extractives.
● Cooking yield of E. camaldulensis is around 47%.
Source: Science Report of Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Industry of Vietnam, Special Issue. November 1991.
Source: Pattanopast, S. Effect of sulfidity on chemical properties of sulfate pulp from the river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Master Thesis, Kasetsart University, Thailand, p 211. (1995).

15. Objectives of the study
Many researches have done in Europe, North and South America with different additives for their local softwood and hardwood kraft cooking
Very few researches have done in Southeast Asian hardwoods like Eucalyptus.
We wanted compare the effectiveness of different additives with traditional kraft process in local wood.

16. Scope of study
● To find out the effect of additives in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
● To find out the effect of solvent in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
● To find out the combine and synergistic effect of additives and solvent in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
● To find out the yield and quality of pulps from different additives charges

17. Literature review Inhibiting the "peeling reaction"
Oxidizing agent, converts the reducing (reactive) end group of the carbohydrates to an alkali-stable aldonic acid.
reducing agent, converts the carbonyl group in the reducing end units of carbohydrate chains to hydroxyl groups.

18. Literature review
The phenyl propane units of lignin are joined through carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen bonds in a random sequence.
During pulping, most of the carbon-carbon linkages are stable, while carbon-oxygen bonds are cleaved to varying extents.

19. Literature review
A proposed mechanism illustrating the function of anthraquinone as a redox catalyst.
Source: Fleming, B.I., Kubes, G.J., Macleod, J.M., and Bolker, H.I., "Soda pulping With Anthraquinone: A Mechanism", Tappi 61(6): 43-46, (1978).

20. Literature review
Source: Y. Copur, A. Tozluoglu, A comparison of kraft, PS, kraft-AQ and kraft-NaBH4 pulps of Brutia pine, Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 909–913.

21. Literature review
Source: Minja, R. J. A., Moe, S. T., Christensen, P. K. (1996): "Extended delignification of kraft pulping by anthraquinone, methanol and black liquor", 1996 Pulping conference Vol. 1, p. 319 – 324.

22. Literature review
Source: Nam–Seok C., Yuji M., Et al. (2008). Effect of urea addition on Soda pulping of Oak wood. J. Fac. Agr., Kyushu Univ., 53 (1), 1–5.

23. Literature review
Source: Nam–Seok C., Yuji M., Et al. (2008). Effect of urea addition on Soda pulping of Oak wood. J. Fac. Agr., Kyushu Univ., 53 (1), 1–5.

24. Experimental Chemicals as additives Anthraquinone Urea
Phosphonates  (1-Hydroxyethylene-1,1-di-phosphonic acid)
Methanol

25. Optimum charge of AQ + MeOH
Experimental
Cook: To find out the most effective charge of additive
Cook-3: To find out the most effective charge of Additive and surfactant
Reference
Reference
Additive AQ
Charge 0.04%
AQ, charge 0.04% +
MeOH, Charge 10%
Additive AQ
Charge 0.06%
AQ, charge 0.06% +
MeOH, Charge 10%
Most effective charge
Optimum charge of AQ + MeOH
Additive AQ
Charge 0.08%
AQ, charge 0.08% +
MeOH, Charge 10%
Additive AQ
Charge 0.10%
AQ, charge 0.10% +
MeOH, Charge 10%
Additive AQ
Charge 0.12%
AQ, charge 0.12% +
MeOH, Charge 10%

26. Results and Yield
Yield of different cooks

27. Results and Yields
Yield of different cooks

28. Results and Cooking Kappa no.
Kappa of different cooking

29. Results and Cooking Kappa No.
Kappa of different cooking

30. Results and Pulp strength properties
Tensile index of different cooking

31. Results and Pulp strength properties
Tensile index of different cooking

32. CONCLUSIONS Major results are found High pulp yield in cooking
Both high and low cooking kappa number
Higher strength pulp than reference pulp

33. Conclusions AQ reduced the kappa 14.6 %.
Urea increases both yield and Kappa. Yield and Kappa increased 9.5 % and 83.4 % respectively.
Tensile index of this pulp was about 47 % higher than reference pulp.

34. Conclusions
Combined effect of additive and surfactant does not change the result significantly.
Synergetic effect of AQ and urea gives 9.4 % higher yield and 8 % higher Kappa than the reference cooking.

35. Positive outcome from thesis
AQ reduced the kappa 14.6 %.
Urea increased yield 9.5 % and kappa 83.4 %
Urea increased tensile index near about 50 %
AQ + Urea increased yield 9.4 % and kappa 8 %

36. RECOMMENDATIONS The future research should be extended to
1. Different alkali charges
2. Lower sulphidity
3. H- factors
4. Liquor ratios
5. Bleaching
6. New practical applications
7. Tests run in industrial scale

37. Thank You !