1. By Andy Wilder, Riley Noel, Justin Martin, and David Morgenstern Ottoman Turks-1280 Safavids-1487 Mughals-1483 Compare and Contrast: Socially Politically Economically Religiously Militarily

2. Ottoman Turks: Each millet, or nation, inside the empire had separate social customs in accordance with the religion of the millet. Muslim women had harsh restrictions as with Islamic law, but the non-Muslim women were subject to separate laws Even Muslim women had more rights than in other Muslim nations. Safavids Mixed society just like the Ottoman. Turkic-speaking tribal groups Aristocrats had limited power and influence Mughals Hindu population had been threatened by the ruling Muslims. Akbar who was originally a Muslim gave the Hindu more rights

3. Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Empire was the most successful at maintaining power for a longer time. It was able to survive until modern times. The two other empires collapsed by the seventeenth century. The leader of the Ottoman Turks was known as the Sultan which was similar to an emperor. It was hereditary. Islamic Law was applied to all Muslims. Safavid Shahs walked around the streets in disguise in order to find the honesty of the citizens. High positions were given by merit and often were forigners.

4. Mughal Even though the population was predominately Hindu most high government positions were held by Muslims. Functioned by dynasties, and leadership was hereditary. This created power struggles between the military and the power families which led to their demise. Examples would be the struggle between Shah Jahan’s sons Another main factor in the demise of the Empire was when the British got a seat on the imperial court of Agra.

5. Ottoman Turks Starting in the 15 th century pottery, rugs, silk, other textiles, jewelry, arms and armor, and calligraphy flourished. Justinian had brought cultivation of silkworms to the area in the 16 th century. Silks were produced under the Sultan leaders, but rugs were a peasant industry. Separate villages had their own distinctive designs. All rugs though use the “Gordian knot” from the Gordes region. Tribal leaders collected the taxes. Safavids Took direct interest in economy Engaged in manufacturing and trade King monitored economy very closely Would kill people for dishonest business practices However, probably not as weathy as Ottoman or Mughal

6. Mughal Peace and stability under Akbar caused commerce and manufacturing to thrive. Goods, like textiles, tropical food, spices, and precious stones were exported. Imported gold and silver Tariffs on imports were quite low. Foreign commerce was mostly carried on by the Arabs since the Mughals like the Indians did not like to travel by sea. Internal land trade was carried on by large merchant castes, that were active in handicrafts and banking as well.

7. Governments in all 3 were muslim based Mughals were the only group that was not predominately Muslim, Muslims were only a small minority. Ottomans were Sunni Muslims Ottoman titles were claimed to be caliphs They maintained Islamic law called Sandri'a Only applied to Ottoman Muslims Ottoman minorities were mostly Greek Orthodox Jews Muslims were prohibited from adopting other faiths Each group was organized into administrative unit called millet (nations) Women were treated much like other women in Muslim societies They could own property, even their own dowries Non Muslims didn't have to follow muslim law This was a common practice throughout all 3 empires. Safadids were Shi'ite Muslims Mughals were Sunni and very similar in government to the Ottomans. Safavid Shahs claimed to be spiritual leader of all Islam.

8. The Ottomans The Ottoman empire sacked Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. They eventually control the Bosporus and the Dardanelles The Ottomans eventually moved from the Bosporus to set up their first European base at Galilipoli The new emperor Murad developed the Janissaries, they were taken from the Christian population, trained in the Balkans, converted to Islam and then trained as foot soldiers or administrators. Also a change in firearms spread in the late fourteenth century Turks began to master this new technology making cannons and muskets Safavids In 1501 The Safavids defeated much of Iran and Iraq. The Ottomans attacked the Safavids and forced them to sign a peace treaty were the Safavids lost much land Shah Abbas, the leader of the Safavids at that time strengthend his army during the peace and then tried to take back the lost land. However he was for the most part unsuccessful

9. The Mughals Babur, the descendant of Tamerlane was driven south by the Uzbeks and the Safavids in Persia and took Kabul in 1504. He then marched into northern India. He used mobile cavalry and artillery to great advantage In 1526 Babur attacked Delhi with only 12,000 troops against an army nearly ten times his size. A british historian described Babur’s son Hamuyan as intelligent but lazy and when Babur died most of the military victories were taken away