1. Chapter Seven
Other Leadership Perspectives: Upper Echelon and Leadership of Nonprofits

2. Factors that Differentiate Micro and Macro Leadership
Who the leader is
Scope of responsibility
Focus
Effectiveness criteria

3. The Domain of Strategic Leaders
Structure
Technology
Leadership
Strategy
Strategic
Leaders
Culture
Environment

4. Dual Role of Strategic Leaders
Moderating
Factors
Strategy
Formulation
Strategy
Implementation
Leader
PERFORMANCE

5. Moderators of Executive Discretion
External Factors
Uncertainty
Type of industry
Market growth
Legal constraints
Internal Factors
Stability
Size and structure
Culture
Stage of organizational development
TMT and BOD

6. Strategic Leadership Types
High challenge-
seeking
Low challenge-
CHALLENGE-
SEEKING
HIGH-CONTROL
INNOVATOR (HCI)
Challenge-seeker who
maintains tight control
over organization
PARTICIPATIVE
INNOVATOR (PI)
Challenge-seeker who
delegates control
of organization
STATUS QUO
GUARDIAN (SQG)
Challenge-averse who
maintains tight control
over organization
PROCESS
MANAGER (PM)
Challenge-averse who
delegates control
of organization
NEED FOR CONTROL
High control Low control

7. How Executives Affect their Organizations
Environment
Strategy
Direct Decisions
Allocation of
resources
Reward system
Selection of other
leaders
Promotions
Role modeling
Culture
Leader
Structure
Technology
Leadership

8. Direct Decisions Vision Mission Strategy Structure
Organizational culture - ?
Selection of other leaders

9. Allocation of Resources and Reward System
Decisions regarding funding and budgets; Allocation of resources to support goals
Formal rewards such as salary and bonuses
Informal rewards such as recognition
Promotion of other leaders and managers

10. Setting the Norm and Role Modeling
Setting decision criteria and rules by which others make decisions
Active or subtle role modeling of behaviors and styles

11. Factors that Affect Executives’ Salaries
Firm size
Industry competition
CEO power and discretion
Internationalization
High stress and instability

12. Characteristics of Nonprofits
Operate without profit
Funds reinvested inside the organization
Public service mission
Voluntary board of directors
Funded through contributions

13. Leadership Challenges in Nonprofits
Leaders must rely on participatory leadership to build consensus
Strong ethical requirements
Motivating and retaining employees
Finding and training future leaders