1. VIRUSES, BACTERIA & PROTISTS
MICROORGANISMS
VIRUSES, BACTERIA & PROTISTS

2. VIRUSES
Chicken Pox
HIV
Influenza
Herpes

3. VIRUSES
What is a virus?
A non-cellular particle made up of genetic material that can invade living cells.
Viruses can grow and reproduce but only with the help of a host.

4. STRUCTURE OF A VIRUS
Capsid
DNA or RNA
tail
tail fibers
Bacteriaphage

5. Virus Diversity Viruses are specific to the cells they attack.
Ex. HIV only attacks white blood cells, herpes only attacks cells of the lips or genitals, bacteriaphages only attack bacteria
Ways of attacking cells; injecting DNA into cell (bacteriaphages) or completely entering the cell

6. LIFE CYCLE OF A VIRUS 1. Attachment
Virus attaches to a specific host cell
2. Entry
virus injects cell with its own DNA
3. Replication
host cell destroyed
new viral DNA and proteins made.
4. Assembly
new virus particles assemble
5. Lysis and Release
new virus particles released.

8. ARE VIRUSES LIVING?
Biologists do not consider viruses living; they do not belong to ANY kingdom.
Viruses can not live independently.
However, in a host, viruses can grow, reproduce, regulate gene expression and even evolve.
Should they be considered living?

9. #1
# 2

10. BACTERIA

11. BACTERIA Lack a nucleus, single celled Heterotrophic and Autotrophic
Identified by shape:
cocci - round
bacilli - rod
spirilla - spiral

13. Reproduction Sexual reproduction conjugation
A bridge forms between 2 bacteria. DNA is transferred from one to the other bacteria
Asexual Reproduction
Binary fission
No genetic recombination

14. Domain Archaea Kingdom Archeabacteria
Ancient Bacteria
Prokaryotic (no organized nucleus)
Have separate evolutionary history and biochemistry from other bacteria.
Found in harsh environments

15. Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria
Ubiquitous (commonly occurring) and diverse
Occur in every habitat and environment on earth, even acidic and radioactive ones.
Most are harmless or even beneficial but some are pathogenic (disease causing)
Ex. Bubonic Plague, cholera, syphillus, anthrax, and leprosy all caused by bacteria.

16. Identifying Bacteria 2 Types: Gram –
Bacteria with a thin wall of peptidoglycan
Do not stain with Gram’s Stain
Ex. N. gonorrhoea, salmonella, E. Coli
Gram +
Thick wall of peptidoglycan
Staphyloccus, streptococcus

18. IMPORTANCE Fix nitrogen - break down nitrogen to make it usable
Recycle nutrients - break down nutrients of dead organisms returning the nutrients to the environment.
Food and medicines - food formed from fermentation (yogurt, cheese, butter)
Disease

19. Disease Transmission
Word Scramble – In groups of 2 complete the word scramble cutouts.

20. Word Scramble Game Unscramble the letters to spell a word using the hint and definition on the right. Letters: e, g, m, r Word: This word is a noun. This may not be seen, but it can make you sick! (Definition: a microorganism that causes diseases.) Letters: a, g, i, m, n, o, r, s This word is a noun that ends with the suffix “-ism.” This refers to an individual form of life. (Definition: a living being, a form of life considered as an entity.) Letters: c, e, f, i, i, n, o, s, t, u This word is an adjective. This can be used to describe a germ that spreads from person to person. (Definition: that which corrupts or contaminates; spreading rapidly to others.) Letters: c, e, f, i, n, t This word is a verb. Germs do this to people and cause diseases. (Definition: affect, contaminate, taint.)

21. Unscramble the letters to spell a word using the hint and definition on the right.
Letters: a, i, m, n, r, s, t, t
Word:
This word is a verb containing the prefix “-trans.” This describes the action when a germ is moved from one person to another. (Definition: send, spread, pass on.)
Letters: a, i, i, m, n, n, o, r, s, s, s, t
This word is a noun. This happens not only to germs but also to radio waves. (Definition: an act or process of spreading.)
Letters: a, d, e, e, i, s, s
This word is a noun. Some of this can be prevented by eating healthily and exercising daily. (Definition: illness.)
Letters: m, m, o, p, s, t, y
This word is a noun. A common cold shows this as a cough, sore throat, sneezing, headache, slight fever, runny nose, etc. (Definition: a sign or indication of something)

22. Keep the words that you just unscrambled in mind as we discuss the following questions.
1. What are some infectious diseases you already know about and what are their symptoms?
2. What makes these diseases contagious?
3. To help stop or minimize the transmission of infectious diseases, what information do you think would be important to know and what are some precautions that one could take?

23. You will be simulating the transmission of diseases from one person to another. Each person will be given a cup with a liquid in it.
You will exchange liquid with 3 partners by combining then splitting the contents of the 2 cups. Be sure to record who you exchange with!

24. When the class is finished we will add phenolphthalein (C20H14O4) which is an indicator of bases.
Phenolphthalein stays clear in water but will turn pink in the presence of a solution above 7 ph.
3 of the cups had a common base, sodium hydroxide NaOH.
Let’s check your cup!
Now, in groups of 3 complete the summary sheet.

25. Protists

26. KINGDOM PROTISTA Single celled HAVE a nucleus Reproduce
sexually - conjugation
asexually - binary fission
autotrophic and heterotrophic

27. Protista Classification
PROTOZOANS
“Animal like”
ALGAE
“Plant like”
FUNGI
“Fungi-like”

28. PROTOZOANS Classified by movement 1. Pseudopodia - pseudopods
ex. Amoeba
2. Ciliates - cilia
ex. Paramecium
3. Flagellates - flagella
ex. Euglena

29. Algae
Classified by color
ex. Blue green algae