1. Scramble for Africa
Chapter 27

2. Before European Domination
1,000 different languages
Hundreds of ethnic groups
Large empires to small independent villages.

3. Problems Discourage Exploration
Armies
Rivers
Disease
Specialized trade networks controlled by the Africans.

4. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
Europeans that did enter into the interior of Africa.
Missionaries
Explorers
Humanitarians

5. The Congo
Henry Stanley helps Leopold II of Belgium acquire land in Congo
Primary motive = end slavery
Reality:
Brutal forced labor in rubber sap industry.
Belgian government takes over colony
European nations begin to claim parts of Africa

6. Forces Driving Imperialism
Belief in European Superiority
National pride
Each colony was viewed as a measure of greatness.
Racism:
Many Europeans believed that they were better than other peoples.

7. Social Darwinism Social Theory: “survival of the fittest”
Non-Europeans were on the lower scale of cultural and physical development because they had not made scientific and technological progress.
Europeans had the right and duty to bring progress to other countries.

8. Factors Promoting Imperialism
Technological superiority:
Steam engine and Maxim gun
Perfection of the drug Quinine protects from malaria.
Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture.

9. The Division of Africa Began in 1880
Diamonds & gold increased interest.
De Beers Consolidated Mines is the biggest diamond company in the world today.

10. Berlin Conference Divides Africa:
14 nations agree on rules and division.
Any European country could claim land and prove the ability to control it.
Divisions made with little or nor regard to how it would effect the linguistic groups or ethnic groups of Africa
1914: Liberia * Ethiopia are free from European control

11. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

12. Across Egypt all the way to the borders of Morocco
Ottoman Empire
Hungary in the north
Around the Black Sea
Across Egypt all the way to the borders of Morocco

13. Ottoman Empire

14. Geopolitics An interest in or taking of land for
Strategic location
Products
Ottomans controlled access to the Mediterranean and Atlantic Sea trade.

15. Russia Grain traders wanted access to the Black Sea.
How were they going to get the land?

16. Waging War Russian Czars launched a war on the Ottomans. Purpose:
Gain land on the Black Sea
Warm water Port!!

18. Crimean War Peninsula in the Black Sea
France & Britain join forces with Ottomans
Russia is defeated
Ottomans continue to lose land after victory due to military weaknesses.

19. The Great Game Russia & Britain fight over India War in Afghanistan
Great Britain withdrew
Russia signed non aggression pact with Afghanistan, broke in 1979.

21. Suez Canal Isma’il Constructed the Suez Canal
Supported modernization of Egypt
Constructed the Suez Canal
Cuts through the Isthmus of Suez
Connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.

22. FINANCIAL AID Project supported by money mainly from France.
Egyptian Labor used in construction

23. Suez Canal

24. British Take Over Egypt unable to pay back debt to foreign banks.
Britain takes over financial control of canal.

25. British Imperialism in India
Sec. 4
Chapter 27

26. INDIA

27. British East India Company
Economic Control
1600s
British East India Company
1858, leading power in India

28. “Jewel in the Crown” Major supplier of raw materials
300 million people
Large potential market
MOST VALUABLE OF ALL COLONIES!!

29. Expanding Control Beginning of 19th century little control
East India Company only used
Sepoys:
Indian Soldiers
Standing Army
Lead by British Officers

30. Build up to MUTINY 1850—most of India under British control
Pockets of discontent
Tacking land
Converting to Christianity
Economic Problems on the increase

31. SEPOY MUTINY 1857- Gossip Cartridges were for their guns greased with
PORK & BEEF FAT
To use --- soldiers bite off the ends

32. REACTION Hindus & Muslims Sepoys refuse cartridges.
WHY DID THEY REFUSE????
All soldiers were jailed.
REBELLION BREAKS OUT!!

33. OUTCOME East India company took 1 year to control.
Britain sent troops to help.
Indians were defeated due to:
Lack of unification
Weak leadership
Splits between Hindus & Muslims
NO MUGAHAL EMPIRE!!
RAJ: British policy of direct control over India from

34. Impact of Colonialism Positive: Negative:
World largest railroad network built
Telephone lines
Irrigation, sanitation, schools
Negative:
Restricted India industries
Lack of self-efficiency
Reduction in food production
Racist attitudes (CASTE SYSTEM)

35. Nationalism Groups form: Indian National Congress Muslim League
Self government