1. Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants (현화식물의 생식과 발달)
Chapter 34

2. 관상용 양귀비(Papaver rhoeas)의 꽃 생식구조.

3. Why It Matters Flowers and fruits of the cacao tree
그림 중앙아메일카의 카카오나무(Theobroma cacao) 줄기로부터 자라는 꽃과 열매. 열매는 성숙된 씨방임.

4. 34.1 Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
Diploid and haploid generations arise in the angiosperm life cycle

5. Flowering Plant Life Cycle
Sporophyte(포자체) (“spore-producing plant”)
Multicellular diploid stage
Develops roots, stems, leaves, and flowers
Gametophyte(배우체) (“gamete-producing plant”)
Multicellular haploid stage
Produces gametes
Alternation of Generations(세대교번)

6. 그림 34.2. 현화식물 생활주기의 개요, 체리(Prunus)의 예.

7. 34.2 The Formation of Flowers and Gametes
In angiosperms, flowers contain the organs for sexual reproduction
Pollen grains(꽃가루 알갱이; 화분립) arise from microspores in anthers
Eggs and other cells of female gametophytes arise from megaspores

8. Flowers Develop at Tips of Floral Shoots (1)
Up to four whorls(윤생) supported by receptacle(화탁)
1. Calyx(꽃받침): All sepals(꽃받침 조각) combined
2. Corolla(꽃부리; 화관): All petals(꽃잎) combined
3. Stamens(수술; 웅예): Location of male gametophytes
Filament(화사; 수술대) (stalk)(꽃자루)
Anther(꽃밥; 약) containing four pollen sacs(꽃가루 주머니; 화분낭)

9. Flowers Develop at Tips of Floral Shoots (2)
4. Carpels(심피; 암술): Location of female gametophytes
Stigma(암술머리) (landing platform for pollen)
Style(암술대) (stalk)
Ovary(씨방) containing ovules(밑씨)

10. 그림 34.3. 4가지 윤생체를 지닌 체리(Prunus) 꽃의 구조.

11. Flower Structure Complete flowers(완전화): All four whorls
Incomplete flowers(불완전화): Lacking one or more whorls
그림 완전꽃과 불완전꽃의 예.

12. Flower Structure Perfect flowers(정제화; 갖춘꽃)
Both stamens and carpels
Imperfect flowers(불완전화; 안갖춘꽃)
Stamens or carpels, not both
Imperfect flower들은 모두 incomplete flower임.

13. Flower Structure Monoecious(암수동주; 자웅동주) Dioecious(암수이주; 자웅이주)
Male flowers and female flowers on same plant
Example: Oaks
Dioecious(암수이주; 자웅이주)
Some plants with only male flowers, some with only female flowers
Example: Willows

14. Pollen Grains(꽃가루 알갱이; 화분립)
Meiosis produces haploid microspores(소포자)
Mitosis in microspore produces a pollen grain
Immature male gametophyte
One cell develops into two sperm cells(정자세포)
Other cell produces pollen tube(꽃가루관; 화분관)
그림 화분립의 다양한 예, (a) 잔디, (b) 벌꽃, (c) 돼지풀.

15. Ovules(밑씨) Form inside carpel(심피; 암술), on wall of ovary(씨방; 자방)
Micropyle(주공) opening at one end
Meiosis produces four haploid megaspores(대포자)
One megaspore develops into female gametophyte: Embryo sac(배낭) with egg cell(난자세포; 난세포)

16. Inside the Ovule
Megaspore undergoes mitosis three times without cytokinesis, producing eight nuclei in a single large cell
Two polar nuclei(극핵) migrate to center of cell, help give rise to endosperm(배유; 배젖)
Three antipodal cells(반족세포) disintegrate(분해됨).
Egg cell[난(자)세포] plus two synergids(조세포) help with pollination

17. 그림 체리(Prunus)의 생활주기.

18. 34.3 Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination
Pollination(꽃가루 받이; 수분) requires compatible pollen and female tissues
Double fertilization(중복수정) occurs in flowering plants
Embryonic sporophyte(배아기 포자체) develops inside a seed
Fruits protect seeds and aid seed dispersal
Seed germination continues the life cycle

19. Pollination(수분) Pollen grain makes contact with stigma(암술머리; 주두)
Grows if compatible with female tissues
2n -
그림 자가불화합성.

20. Double Fertilization(중복수정)
One sperm nucleus(정핵) fuses with one egg nucleus(난핵) to form a diploid (2n) zygote(접합자)
Other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei(극핵) in the embryo sac(배낭) to form triploid (3n) endosperm(배유; 배젖) tissue

21. Ovule Maturation (1)
Embryo-nourishing endosperm forms and ovule expands
냉이식물
접합자의 내부구조
공 모양의 배
배자루
그림 진정쌍떡잎식물인 냉이의 배 발달 단계.

22. Ovule Maturation (2) Embryonic sporophyte develops 성숙한 밑씨(종자) 내의 배 포자체
하트 모양의 배
잘 분화된 배

23. Seed Mature ovule encased by protective seed coat(종피)
Embryo has lengthwise axis(세포 방향의 축)
Root apical meristem at one end
Shoot apical meristem at other end

24. Eudicot Embryos Two cotyledons (seed leaves) Embryonic shoot(배아기 줄기)
Upper epicotyl(상배축) and lower hypocotyl(하배축)
Embryonic root(배아기 뿌리)
Radicle(어린 뿌리; 유근)

25. Eudicot Embryos
강낭콩
상배축
피마자
어린눈
하배축
어린뿌리(유근)
떡잎(자엽)

26. Monocot Embryos Single cotyledon Coleoptile(자엽초) Coleorhiza[(유)근초]
Scutellum(소순판; 떡잎) absorbs nutrients from endosperm
Coleoptile(자엽초)
Protects root and shoot apical meristems
Coleorhiza[(유)근초]
Protects radicle

27. Monocot Embryo
옥수수
과피와 융합된 종피
소순판(떡잎)
자엽초
어린 싹(눈)
유근(뿌리정단분열조직)
(유)근초

28. Fruits Matured or ripened ovary Protects seeds
Helps disperse seeds by animals, wind, or water
Fruit wall (pericarp(과피)) develops from ovary wall
Thick, fleshy(다육질) (peach)
Hard, dry (hazelnut)

29. Simple Fruits(단순과; 홑열매)
Develop from single ovary
Pericarp fleshy and juicy or thin and dry
복숭아, 단순과(홑열매)
다육질 과피

30. Aggregate Fruits(집합과)
Develop from several ovaries in a single flower
Pericarp fleshy and juicy or thin and dry
라즈베리(산딸기), 집합과

31. Accessory Fruits(덧과실; 헛열매)
Fruit develops from floral parts as well as ovaries
열매 벽

32. Multiple Fruits(복합과) Develop from several ovaries in multiple flowers
Individual fruits merge to produce larger structure

33. Specialized Fruits(특수한 열매)
Helps disperse seeds
Splitting pods(쪼개진 꼬투리)
Aerodynamic(항공역학적) properties
Hooks, spines(가시), hairs, sticky surfaces
Fleshy, nutritious tissues
단풍나무의 열매
심피 안의 종자

34. Seed Germination Mature seeds are essentially dehydrated
Seed dormancy(휴면) prevents germination
Particular factors may trigger germination
Moisture, oxygen, temperature, number of daylight hours, and more

35. 그림 34.11. 외떡잎식물인 보리 종자가 발아되면서 저장된 영양소를 사용하는 방법.

36. 그림 34.12. 대표적인 진정쌍떡잎식물인 강낭콩의 발달 단계.
그림 대표적인 진정쌍떡잎식물인 강낭콩의 발달 단계.

37. 그림 34.13. 대표적인 외떡잎식물인 옥수수(Zea mays) 식물의 발달 단계.

38. 34.4 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Vegetative reproduction(영양생식) is common in nature
Many commercial growers and gardeners use artificial vegetative reproduction

39. Vegetative (Asexual) Reproduction
Fragmentation(분절)
Cells dedifferentiate and regenerate missing parts
Meristematic tissue(분열조직)
Mitotic divisions at nodes or buds along modified stems of parent plant
Apomixis(무수정생식;단성생식; 동정생식)
Diploid embryo develops from unfertilized egg or other cells in ovule

40. Vegetative Reproduction
그림 ‘mother of thousands(수천의 어aj니)’ 식물, 칼란코에(Kalanchoe daigremontiana).

41. 그림 식물세포배양.

42. 34.5 Early Development of Plant Form and Function
Within hours, an early plant embryo’s basic body plan is established
Key developmental cues are based on a cell’s position
Morphogenesis shapes the plant body

43. 34.5 (cont.) Regulatory genes guide the development of floral organs
Leaves arise from leaf primordia in a closely regulated sequence

44. 그림 식물 배의 기본적인 체계의 발달 단계들.

45. Positional Information(위치 정보)
Pattern formation based on progressive ordering of plant parts
Positional information helps establish a cell’s developmental fate

46. 그림 34.17. 위치정보가 뿌리털 발달에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 보여주는 모델.

47. Morphogenesis(형태발생; 형태형성) (1)
Oriented cell division establishes overall shape
그림 다른 평면에서 일어나는 식물세포분열.

48. Dividing Plant Cells
New cell plate(세포판) forms in a different plane from old cell plate
Establishes direction of lateral roots, branches, and leaf and flower buds

49. 그림 34.19. 식물세포에서 어떻게 세포분열의 평면(세포판)이 결정되는가.
그림 식물세포에서 어떻게 세포분열의 평면(세포판)이 결정되는가.

50. Cell Expansion Cells enlarge in specific directions
그림 세포확장과 섬유소 미세섬유의 방향성.

51. Regulatory Genes (1)
Homeotic genes regulate development of floral organs

52. Regulatory Genes (2)
Mutations in homeotic genes disrupt organ identities

53. Regulatory Genes (3)
Four gene classes interact to determine proper organ identity and relative position

54. 그림 잎 발달의 초기 단계들.