1. Sound
Properties

2. Sound Properties
Sound Wave

3. Sound Properties: Detection
Microphone
Convert kinetic energy to electricity
Ear
Measure in decibel (dB)

4. Sound Properties: Frequency
Pitch vs. Frequency
pitch is relative (a matter of common agreement among musicians), while frequency is absolute (a precise, unambiguous measurement).

5. Sound Properties: Loud
Amplitude is loudness
Read decibel article

6. Sound Properties: Doppler Effect
Perceived frequency
How often the pressure front hits your ear per second
Scenarios
Sound source stationary, you stationary
Sound source moving, you stationary
Sound source stationary, you moving
Sound source moving, you moving

7. Sound Properties: Doppler Effect

8. Doppler effect equations

9. Sound and Music

10. Sources
Resonators
Strings
Sound boards/surfaces
Emmet Otter

11. Resonators Resonance Not just reflection
Increases the amplitude of a vibration by repeatedly applying a small external force at the same natural frequency.
Closed Pipe (pg 413, fig 15-11)
Open Pipe (pg 413, fig 15-11)
Displacement and Pressure

12. Resonance
Closed Pipe:

13. Resonance
Open Pipe

14. Resonance
Strings L

15. Consonance and Dissonance
Combination of pitches that is pleasant
Dissonance
Combination of pitches that is not pleasant

16. Beat
Two frequencies are very close, causes oscillations in amplitude

17. Binaural Beat Brain Wave

18. Review
Doppler Effect

19. Doppler Effect The source of the sound is moving toward the detector
The detector is moving toward the sound source
The source is moving away from the detector
The detector is moving away from the source
The source and detector are moving toward each other
The source and detector are moving away from each other
Which situations result in an increased frequency and which result in a decreased frequency

20. Doppler Effect

21. Decibels 3dB increase is double power 3dB decrease is half power
20dB increase is 10x as much power
20dB decrease is 1/10 as much power

22. Pipe resonator Closed pipe Open pipe
¼ wavelength at fundamental harmonic
Open pipe
½ wavelength at fundamental harmonic
Each successive harmonic is ½ wavelength higher or
The distance between any two consecutive harmonics is ½ wavelength

23. Assumptions
Assume that the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, at 20°C, unless otherwise noted.
Assume that the speed of sound in water is 1533 m/s, at 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Assume that the speed of sound in water is 1530 m/s, at 20°C, unless otherwise noted.

24. Problems
18.5Hz

25. Problems
An open-pipe resonator has a length of 2.39m. Calculate the frequency of its third harmonic if the velocity of sound is 343 m/s.

26. Problems
You are listening to an outdoor concert on a day when the temperature is 0°C. The sound of a wavelength of m is emitted by a flute on the stage 125 m from where you are standing.
a.What is the time elapsed before you hear the sound emitted from the stage?
b.What is the frequency of the sound?

27. Problems
The pulse-echo technique is used in diagnostic medical imaging. A short ultrasound pulse is emitted from the device, and echoes are produced when the pulse is reflected at a tissue interface. The echo signals are received back at the device and then analyzed to build up an image of the organ. The speed of sound in soft tissue is 1540 m/s. If an echo is received 58.2´10–6 s after the pulse was emitted, how far is the tissue interface from the ultrasound device?

28. Problems
The engine of a jet plane taking off produces a sound level of 140 dB, and the sound wave has a pressure amplitude of 200 Pa. A baggage handler working next to a jet plane that is taking off is wearing specially designed hearing protectors that reduce the sound level entering his ear by 40 dB. What is the pressure amplitude of the sound waves entering his ear?

29. Problems
While fishing from a boat anchored offshore, you see another fishing boat between your boat and the shore. The other boat sounds a 510-Hz horn as it heads toward the shore at a speed of 18 m/s.
a. If your fishing boat is stationary, what is the frequency of the sound waves from the horn that reach you?
b. If your fishing boat now heads out to sea at a speed of 15 m/s, what is the frequency of the sound waves from the horn that reach you?

30. Problems
A species of bat navigates by emitting short bursts of sound waves that have a frequency range that peaks at 58.0 kHz.
a. If a bat is flying at 4.0 m/s toward a stationary object, what is the frequency of the sound waves reaching the object?
b. What is the frequency of the reflected sound waves detected by the bat?
c. What is the difference between the frequency of the sound waves emitted by the bat and the frequency of the sound waves detected by the bat if the bat is flying at 4.0 m/s and the object is a moth approaching at 1.0 m/s?

31. Problems
Hannah places an open, vertical glass tube into a container of water so that the lower end of the tube is submerged. She holds a vibrating tuning fork over the top of the tube while varying the water level in the tube. Hannah notices that the loudest sound is heard when the distance from the water to the top of the tube is 32.7 cm, and again when the distance is 98.2 cm. What is the frequency of the tuning fork?

32. Problems
The six strings of a standard guitar are tuned to the following frequencies: 165, 220, 294, 392, 494, and 659 Hz.
a. Find the lengths of the shortest open-ended organ pipes that would produce the same frequencies.
b. Sketch the pipes, showing their lengths to scale.

33. Problems
The fundamental tone of an open-pipe resonator with a length of 48 cm is the same as the second harmonic tone of a closed-pipe resonator. What is the length of the closed-pipe resonator?

34. Problems
You receive a CD with the following note: “The first sound on the CD is the sound of a 238-Hz tuning fork and a second tuning fork being struck simultaneously. The second sound on the CD is the sound of the second tuning fork and a Hz tuning fork being struck simultaneously. What is the frequency of the second tuning fork?” Listening to the CD, you hear that the first sound has a beat frequency of 3.00 Hz and the second sound has a beat frequency of 5.00 Hz. Answer the question found in the note.

35. fbeat = ½f2 – f1½
(f2 – f1) = ± fbeat
f2 = f1 ± fbeat
= Hz ± 3.00 Hz
= 241 Hz or 235 Hz
fbeat = ½f2 – f3½
(f2 – f3) = ± fbeat
f2 = f3 ± fbeat
= Hz ± 5.00 Hz
= 245 Hz or 235 Hz
The frequency of the second tuning fork must be 235 Hz.

36. Problems
A radio station broadcasts their signal with a wavelength of 3.5 µm. Although your radio will translate this signal into audible sound, explain why you cannot hear the radio signal directly. NO
The threshold of the human ear is around 20,000 Hz, so the frequency of this radio signal is far higher than what the ear can detect.

37. Problems
A baseball fan sits in the outfield seats watching his home team play while another fan watches the same game at her house on television. In his seat at the ballpark, the fan sits 134 m from home plate. At her house, the other fan sits 2.0 m from the television speaker, watching a signal broadcast from a camera located 8.0 m behind home plate. Assume the temperature throughout the city is 30.0°C and that there is no time delay in the television transmission. The TV signal travels at c.
a. The batter hits a fly ball. Which fan hears the crack of the bat first? Why?
b. A third fan hears the crack of the bat a full 2.00 s after she sees it. How far away is she?

38. a. The sound of the crack of the bat travels at a speed of
v = 331 m/s + 0.6T
= 331 m/s + (0.6)(30.0°C)
= 349 m/s
For the fan sitting in the seats at the ballpark,

39. For the fan sitting at home, the time of video transmission of the sound is negligible, as radio signals travel at the speed of light, c = 3.0´108 m/s. Even if the fan is watching from 1000 km away, the time of travel for the video signal is only 3.3 ms.
The fan watching the game on television actually hears the crack of the bat before the fan in attendance at the ballpark.
d = 8.0 m m = 10.0 m

40. b.

41. Problems
An engineer at an underwater military station listens for submarines by sending an ultrasound sonar ping that has a frequency of 3.75 MHz.
a. A stationary object is detected when the ping returns 3.00 s later. How far away is this object? The speed of sound in seawater is 1533 m/s.
b. A second ping returns with a frequency of 3.80 MHz, indicating that the object is now moving. What is the object’s velocity? In which direction is it moving relative to the listening station? Hint: The direction of sound reverses after the sound reflects off the moving object.
c. Sonar equipment has difficulty detecting objects smaller than the wavelength of the ping. Old sonar equipment used an audible ping with a frequency of 4.00´102 Hz. What is the smallest object this old sonar could distinguish?
d. What is the smallest object the ultrasound sonar can detect?

42. a. A stationary object is detected when the ping returns 3. 00 s later
a. A stationary object is detected when the ping returns 3.00 s later. How far away is this object? The speed of sound in seawater is 1533 m/s.
The distance for the sound to travel and return is twice the distance to the object:

43. b. A second ping returns with a frequency of 3
b. A second ping returns with a frequency of 3.80 MHz, indicating that the object is now moving. What is the object’s velocity? In which direction is it moving relative to the listening station? Hint: The direction of sound reverses after the sound reflects off the moving object.
where fs is the frequency of the sonar ping at the source and v is the velocity of sound in seawater. For the echo, the source (now the submarine) is moving, and the sound wave travels in the return direction. The frequency that the engineer detects is fd2, and the frequency at the source is fd1.

44. Since the frequency of the sonar ping increased, the ship must be
Substitute for fd1, and solve for vsub.
Since the frequency of the sonar ping increased, the ship must be
approaching the engineer.

45. c. d.

46. Problems

55. Elements
More abstract animations like these can be found on the Premium Gold Site. Search Bloodhound for “Strange Mechanical”.