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Antimicrobial Drugs.

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Presentation on theme: "Antimicrobial Drugs."— Presentation transcript:

1 Antimicrobial Drugs

2 Antimicrobial Drugs Chemicals used to treat microbial infections
Before antimicrobials, large number of people died from common illnesses Now many illnesses easily treated with antimicrobials However, many antimicrobial drugs are becoming less useful

3 Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapeutic agent= Antimicrobial drug=
Different types of antimicrobial drugs: Antibacterial drugs Antifungal drugs Antiprotozoan drugs Antihelminthic drugs

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5 Paul Ehrlich He observed that certain dyes stain bacterial cells and not animal cells Theorized that there could be a dye or chemical that would harm bacterial cells but not human cells Systematic search for chemical to cure syphilis 606th compound tested proved to be highly effective in treating laboratory animals

6 Gerhard Domagk Discovered red dye, Prontosil effective in treating Streococcal infections in animals No effect in test tubes Enzymes in animals blood split Prontosil molecule into sulfanilamide- this acted against streptococcal Sulfa Drug

7 Alexander Fleming Working on cultures of Staphylococcus
Contamination with mold Noticed colonies growing near mold looked odd Found that mold was secreting substance that was killing bacteria

8 Figure 20.1

9 Features of Antimicrobial Drugs
Most modern antibiotics come from species of microorganisms that live in the soil To commercially produce antibiotic: Select strain and grow in broth When maximum antibiotic concentration reached, extract from medium Purify Chemical alter to make it more stable

10 Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Selective Toxicity
Cause greater harm to microorganisms than to host Chemotherapeutic index= lowest dose toxic to patient divided by dose typically used for therapy

11 Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Antimicrobial Action
Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of microorganisms Bactericidal: Kill microorganisms

12 Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Spectrum of Activity
Antimicrobial medications vary with respect to the range of microorganisms they kill or inhibit Some kill only limited range : Narrow-spectrum antimicrobial While others kill wide range of microorganisms: Broad-spectrum antimicrobial

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14 Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Effects of Combining Drugs
Combinations are sometimes used to fight infections Synergistic: action of one drug enhances the activity of another Antagonistic: activity of one drug interferes with the action of another

15 Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Adverse Effects
Allergic Reactions: some people develop hypersensitivities to antimicrobials Toxic Effects: some antimicrobials toxic at high concentrations or cause adverse effects Suppression of normal flora: when normal flora killed, other pathogens may be able to grow to high numbers

16 Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Resistance to Antimicrobials
Some microorganisms inherently resistant to effects of a particular drug Other previously sensitive microorganisms can develop resistance through spontaneous mutations or acquisition of new genes

17 Mechanisms of action of Antibacterial Drugs
Inhibit cell wall synthesis Inhibit protein synthesis Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis Injury to plasma membrane Inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites

18 Figure 20.2

19 b-Lactam Drugs- inhibit cell wall synthesis
Irreversibly inhibit enzymes involved in the final steps of cell wall synthesis These enzymes mediate formation of peptide bridges between adjacent stands of peptidoglycan b-lactam ring similar in structure to normal substrate of enzyme Drug binds to enzyme, competitively inhibit enzymatic activity

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21 b-Lactam Drugs Some bacteria produce b-lactamase- enzyme that breaks the critical b-lactam ring b-lactam drugs include: penicillins and cephalosporins

22 Antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis
Target ribosomes of bacteria Aminoglycosides: bind to 30S subunit causing it to distort and malfunction; blocks initiation of translation Tetracyclines: bind to 30S subunit blocking attachment of tRNA Macrolides: bind 50S subunit and prevents continuation of protein synthesis

23 Figure 20.4b

24 Antibacterial medications that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Target enzymes required for nucleic acid synthesis Fluoroquinolones: inhibit enzymes that maintain the supercoiling of closed circular DNA Rifamycins: block prokaryotic RNA polymerase from initiating transcription

25 Antibacterial medications injure plasma membrane
Polymyxin B: binds to membrane of G- bacteria and alters permeability This leads to leakage of cellular contents and cell death These drugs also bind to eukaryotic cells to some extent, which limits their use to topical applications

26 Antibacterial drugs that inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites
Competitive inhibition by substance that resembles normal substrate of enzyme Sulfa drugs

27 Antiviral Drugs Very few antiviral drugs approved for use in US
Effective against a very limited group of diseases Targets for antiviral drugs are various points of viral reproduction

28 Nucleoside and Nucleotide analogs
Acyclovir- used to treat genital herpes Cidofovir- used for treatment of cytomegaloviral infections of the eye Lamivudine- used to treat Hepatitus B

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31 Antiretrovirals Currently implies, a drug used to treat HIV
Tenofovir- nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor Zidovudine- nucleoside analog

32 Other enzyme inhibitors
Zanamivir (Relenza) and Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)- inhibitors of the enzyme neuominidase Used to treat influenza Indinavir- protease inhibitors

33 Interferons Cells infected by a virus often produce interferon, which inhibits further spread of the infection Alpha-interferon- drug for treatment of viral hepatitis infections

34 Antifungal drugs More difficult to find point of selective toxicity in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes Targets of antifungal drugs: Agents affecting fungal sterols Agents affecting fungal cell walls Agents inhibiting nucleic acids

35 Agents affecting fungal sterols
Many antifungals target the sterols in the plasma membrane Polyenes- used in systemic fungal infections, very toxic to kidneys Azoles- used for athlete’s foot and vaginal yeast infections (miconizole)

36 Agents affecting fungal cell walls
primary target of selective toxicity is β-glucan Inhibition of synthesis of this glucan results in an incomplete cell wall, and results in lysis of the cell Caspofungin- first new class of antifungals in 40 years

37 Agents inhibiting nucleic acids
Flucytin- nucleotide analog of cytosine, interferes with the biosynthesis of RNA, and therefore protein synthesis

38 Antiprotozoan drugs Quinine still used to control malaria
Chloroquinone- synthetic derivative has largely replaced it Mefloquinone- used in areas where resistance to chloroquinone has developed Quinacrine- drug of choice for treating protozoan disease, giardiasis

39 Antihelminthic drugs Praziquantel- used in treatment of tapeworms; kills worms by altering permeability of plasma membranes

40 Kirby-Bauer method for determining drug susceptibility
Bacteria spread on surface of agar plate 12 disks, each with different antimicrobial drug, placed on agar plate Incubated- drugs diffuse outward and kill susceptible bacteria Zone of inhibition around each disk Compare size of zone to chart

41 Figure 21.10

42 Resistance to antimicrobial drugs
Drug resistance limits use of ALL known antimicrobials Penicillin G: first introduced, only 3% of bacteria resistant Now, over 90% are resistant

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44 How do bacteria become resistant?
Spontaneous Mutation: happen as cells replicate Gene Transfer: Usually spread through conjugative transfer of R plasmid

45 Slowing the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance
Responsibilities of Physicians: must work to identify microbe and prescribe suitable antimicrobials, must educate patients Responsibilities of Patients: need to carefully follow instructions

46 Slowing the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance
3. Educate Public: must understand appropriateness and limitations of antibiotics ; antibiotics not effective against viruses 4. Global Impacts: organism that is resistant can quickly travel to another country - in some countries antibiotics available on non-prescription basis - antibiotics fed to animals can select for drug- resistant organisms

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48 New Approaches to Antibiotic Therapy Are Needed
Scientists work to find new antibiotic targets in pathogens Discovery of new and unique antibiotics is necessary


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