1. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO THE 1915 SERBIAN TYPHUS EPIDEMIC ADMINISTERING ANGELS Angela Bowen Potter IUPUI- WIMPS Presentation September 30, 2014

2. KATHLEEN BURKE SCOTTISH WOMEN'S HOSPITAL ADMINISTERING ANGELS

3. ADMINISTERING ANGEL

4. ANGELS OF MERCY

5. ORGANIZED WOMEN

6. TYPHUS EPIDEMIC 1915

7. ADMINISTERING ANGELS IN ACTION

8. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE TO TYPHUS First Missions 3 Plans developed Typhus Defeated Retreat of Missions

9. SERBIA TYPHUS EPIDEMIC 1915 INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN RELIEF PROJECT Conference Paper Digital Map Digital Timeline

10. SERBIA 1914

11. THE BALKAN CAMPAIGNS 1914 2 nd Balkan Campaign December 1914 1 st Balkan Campaign July 1914

12. ALLIED VIEW OF SERBIA

13. SERBIAN RED CROSS

14. 1914 EFFORTS

15. 1914 BRITISH EFFORTS Flora Sandes British Volunteer with Mrs. Grujic 9/1914 First SRF Assistance 11/1914

16. SERBIAN RELIEF FUND

17. BRITISH RED CROSS IN SERBIA BRX in Skopje, 1915

18. AMERICAN RED CROSS

19. TYPHUS “RAISE IT’S UGLY HEAD” DECEMBER 1914

20. TYPHUS CASES JANUARY-MARCH 1915

21. TYPHUS EPIDEMIC New DiscoveriesTyphus

22. “THE GRAVITY OF THE SITUATION” JANUARY 1915

23. RUSSIAN IMAGES OF TYPHUS

24. S COTTISH WOMEN’S HOSPITALS: “SEND US WHERE WE ARE MOST NEEDED” JANUARY 1915 Telegraph, January 1915 Fundraising, January 1915

25. VALJEVO “SORT THE LIVING FROM THE DEAD” Emily Simmons, ARC

26. FRENCH MISSIONS

27. DEVELOPING A COORDINATED PLAN? 1. Skopje Plan- February 1915 British Red Cross, Serbian Relief Fund and Serbian Civilian Government Medical and Public Health Missions 2. RAMC Plan- February 1915 British Royal Army Medical Corps, British Government and Serbian Military Public Health & Education 3. Paris Plan- March 1915 French, American and British Red Crosses and government Divide Serbia into districts, with American and Brattish sectors

28. SKOPJE PLAN- FEBRUARY 1915 Dr. Katherine McPhail, SWH British Red Cross, Serbian Relief Fund and Serbian Civilian Government Medical and Public Health Missions

29. BERRY MISSION

30. RAMC PLAN- FEBRUARY 1915 BRITISH ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS, BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND SERBIAN MILITARY PUBLIC HEALTH & Education

31. RAMC PLAN- FEBRUARY 1915

32. SCOTTISH WOMEN’S HOSPITALS DR. ELISE INGLIS

33. SERBIAN RELIEF FUND MARCH 1915 Claire Stobart First Field Flying Hospital

34. SERBIAN SANITARY RELIEF COMMISSION AMERICAN RED CROSS AND ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION

35. FRENCH MEETING MARCH, 30 1915

36. MARCH 30, 1915

37. APRIL 1915

38. SWH

39. SUMMER 1915

40. PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION

41. FALL 1915 BeforeAfter

42. FALL 1915

43. NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 1915- RETREAT

44. RETREAT

45. IN SERBIA REMEMBERING THE EPIDEMIC

46. SWHSRF

47. CONCLUSIONS 1.Early example of a large scale international humanitarian effort. 2.Mission advanced the state of medical research and type of response to epidemics. Used later in the war. 3.Missions developed a new format of combining medical missions with public health efforts. 4.Response built broader commitments to the Serbian Front. 5.Demonstrated that women could serve on the front lines as doctors and nurses. 6.Analysis of the administration of the efforts show the role of World War I in the way relief administered. Shows the need of a lead agency to coordinate the effort.

48. NEW ADMINISTERING ANGEL? ERNEST BICKNELL

49. ADMINISTERING ANGEL

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