1. Thermochemistry Chapter 6
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2. Energy is the capacity to do work
Radiant energy comes from the sun and is earth’s primary energy source
Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules
Chemical energy is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical substances
Nuclear energy is the energy stored within the collection of neutrons and protons in the atom
Potential energy is the energy available by virtue of an object’s position
Kinetic energy is energy associated with the motion of an object.
6.1

3. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be converted from one form of energy to another.
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
=> Law of conservation of energy = total quantity of energy in the universe is constant

4. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures.
Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy.
Temperature = Thermal Energy °C K °F
1 joule = 1 kg m /sec
1 calorie = joule (exactly)
400C
900C
greater thermal energy

5. Study the interconversion of energy from one form to another.
Thermochemistry is the study of heat change in chemical & physical processes.
=> chemical reactions
=> phase changes
Study the interconversion of energy from one form to another.

6. The system is the specific part of the universe that is of interest in the study.
The surroundings is the rest of the universe.
SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
System Types:
open
closed
isolated
Exchange:
mass & energy
energy
nothing
6.2

7. State – specific characteristics of a system (physical or chemical)
Examples: Pressure
Temperature
Composition
State Function – a property of a system that characterizes a state of a system and is independent of how the system got to that state.
Examples: Pressure
Volume
Composition

8. Energy it took each hiker to get to the top is different !!
Thermodynamics
State functions are properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved.
energy
, pressure, volume, temperature
DE = Efinal - Einitial
DP = Pfinal - Pinitial
DV = Vfinal - Vinitial
DT = Tfinal - Tinitial
Potential energy of hiker 1 and hiker 2 is the same even though they took different paths.
Energy it took each hiker to get to the top is different !!

9. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + energy
Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat – transfers thermal energy from the system to the surroundings.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l) + energy
H2O (g) H2O (l) + energy
Endothermic process is any process in which heat has to be supplied to the system from the surroundings.
energy + H2O (s) H2O (l)
energy + 2HgO (s) Hg (l) + O2 (g)
6.2

10. Exothermic
Endothermic
6.2

11. First law of thermodynamics – energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
DEsystem + DEsurroundings = 0 or
DEsystem = -DEsurroundings
E is a state function.
C3H8 + 5O CO2 + 4H2O
Exothermic chemical reaction!
Chemical energy lost by combustion = Energy gained by the surroundings
system
surroundings
6.3

12. Another form of the first law for DEsystem
DE = q + w
Energy is expressed in units of joules of kJ.
DE is the change in internal energy of a system
q is the heat exchange between the system and the surroundings
w is the work done on (or by) the system
w = -PDV when a gas expands against a constant external pressure
Note the conditions that define each process !!

13. Work is done by the surroundings on the system
Work Done On The System
w = Fd
Work is done by the surroundings on the system
DV < 0
-PDV > 0
wsys > 0
w = -P DV
P x V = x d3 = Fd = w F d2
initial
final
Work is not a state function!
Dw = wfinal - winitial

14. Work is done by the system on the surroundings
Work Done By The System
w = Fd
Work is done by the system on the surroundings
DV > 0
-PDV < 0
wsys < 0
w = -P DV
P x V = x d3 = Fd = w F d2
Work is not a state function!
Dw = wfinal - winitial
initial
final
6.3

15. W = -0 atm x 3.8 L = 0 L•atm = 0 joules
A sample of nitrogen gas expands in volume from 1.6 L to 5.4 L at constant temperature. What is the work in joules if the gas expands (a) against a vacuum and (b) against a constant pressure of 3.7 atm?
w = -P DV
(a)
DV = 5.4 L – 1.6 L = 3.8 L
P = 0 atm
W = -0 atm x 3.8 L = 0 L•atm = 0 joules
(b)
DV = 5.4 L – 1.6 L = 3.8 L
P = 3.7 atm
w = -3.7 atm x 3.8 L = L•atm
Energy needs to be converted to joules. Use 1 L . atm = J
w = L•atm x
101.3 J
1L•atm
= J
The change in volume was the same in both cases, but the work done was not the same => work is not a state function.

16. Chemistry in Action: Making Snow
DE = q + w
Inside machine = air + water vapor @ 20 atm
Outside machine = 1 atm
Air w/ water vapor rapidly expands
q = adiabatic process
DE = w
w < 0
DE < 0
Kinetic Energy (gas) a T (K)
DE = CDT
DT < 0, SNOW !!

17. Note the conditions that define each process !!
Enthalpy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
DE = q + w
Note the conditions that define each process !!
q = DH and w = -PDV
At constant pressure:
DE = DH - PDV
DH = DE + PDV
6.4

18. Enthalpy is a state function.
Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify the heat flow into or out of a system in a process that occurs at constant pressure.
DH = H (products) – H (reactants)
Enthalpy is a state function.
DH = heat given off or absorbed during a reaction at constant pressure
Hproducts < Hreactants
Hproducts > Hreactants
DH < 0
DH > 0
6.4

19. Thermochemical Equations
Is DH negative or positive?
System absorbs heat
Endothermic
DH > 0
6.01 kJ are absorbed for every 1 mole of ice that melts at 00C and 1 atm.
H2O (s) H2O (l)
DH = 6.01 kJ
6.4

20. Thermochemical Equations
Is DH negative or positive?
System gives off heat
Exothermic
DH < 0
890.4 kJ are released for every 1 mole of methane that is combusted at 250C and 1 atm.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
DH = kJ
6.4

21. Enthalpy is a state function.
We only care about where we start and where we finish, not the route.
DHnet = DH1 + DH2 + DH3 + DH4
DH2
DH3
Energy
DH1
end
DHnet
DH4
start
=> We can construct a convenient path.

22. Thermochemical Equations
The stoichiometric coefficients always refer to the number of moles of a substance
H2O (s) H2O (l)
DH = 6.01 kJ
If you reverse a reaction, the sign of DH changes
H2O (l) H2O (s)
DH = kJ
If you multiply both sides of the equation by a factor n, then DH must change by the same factor n.
2H2O (s) H2O (l)
DH = 2 x 6.01 = 12.0 kJ
You must pay attention to the physical state and the quantity of all reactants and products !!!

23. Thermochemical Equations
The physical states of all reactants and products must be specified in thermochemical equations.
H2O (s) H2O (l)
DH = 6.01 kJ
H2O (l) H2O (g)
DH = 44.0 kJ
How much heat is evolved when 266 g of white phosphorus (P4) burn in air?
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s) DH = kJ
1 mol P4
123.9 g P4 x
3013 kJ
1 mol P4 x
266 g P4
= 6470 kJ
6.4

24. Flameless Ration Heaters
“Feeding the Army”
Flameless Ration Heaters
Chemical Equation:
Mg (s) + 2H2O (l) Mg(OH)2 (s) + H2 (g)
+ 353kJ
Solid magnesium and water yields solid magnesium hydroxide, hydrogen gas & kilojoules of heat energy
Source- Tocci, Viehland Holt Chemistry Visualizing Matter. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. pg. 271, 303
and

25. It takes about 353kJ of heat energy is needed to heat the MRE to 60°C
It takes about 353kJ of heat energy is needed to heat the MRE to 60°C . Calculate the amount of magnesium needed.
353 kJ = 1 mol Mg = g Mg
Calculate the volume of water needed.
353 kJ = 2 mol H g / mol H20 H20 density = 1.00 g/mL
(2 mol H20) x (18.01 g / mol H20) x (1 mL H20 / 1.00 g H20) = mL H20
Calculate the mass of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 produced.
24.0g Mg = 1 mol Mg = 1 mol Mg(OH) g / mol Mg(OH)2
58.0 g Mg(OH)2
Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas H2 produced.
353 kJ = 1 mol Mg = 1.00 mol H2
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas H2 produced at 1.00 atm and 25°C.
PV = nRT => V = nRT/P
V = (1.00 mol)( L atm/K mol)(298 K)/1.00 atm = L

26. What would happen if 25 mL of water is added?
What would happen is the soldier were smoking while heating dinner?
Is the material in a used flameless ration heater safe to touch?
Can the heater be reused?

27. A Comparison of DH and DE
2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) DH = kJ/mol
DE = DH - PDV
At 25 0C, 1 mole H2 = 24.5 L at 1.0 atm
PDV = 1.0 atm x 24.5 L = 2.5 kJ
DE = kJ/mol – 2.5 kJ/mol = kJ/mol
6.4

28. DHnet = DH1 + DH2 + DH3 + DH4 + DH5

29. Heat (q) absorbed or released:
The specific heat (s) of a substance is the amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
The heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of a given quantity (m) of the substance by one degree Celsius.
C = ms
Heat (q) absorbed or released:
q = msDt
q = CDt
Dt = tfinal - tinitial
6.5

30. Dt = tfinal – tinitial = 50C – 940C = -890C
How much heat is given off when an 869 g iron bar cools from 940C to 50C?
s of Fe = J/g • 0C
Dt = tfinal – tinitial = 50C – 940C = -890C
q = msDt
= 869 g x J/g • 0C x –890C
= -34,000 J
6.5

31. DHnet = DH1 + DH2 + DH3 + DH4 + DH5
How much heat is required to take exactly one mole of water from a solid at -25.0°C to steam at 125.0°C?
DHnet = DH1 + DH2 + DH3 + DH4 + DH5
DH1 = q1 = msDt1 m = (1 mol ) (18.01 g/mol) = g
s = J / g °C Dt1 = (0°C - -25°C) = 25°C
DH1 = (18.01 g) (2.030 J / g °C) (25°C) = 914 J = kJ
DH2 = DHfus = (6.01 kJ/mol ) (1 mol) = 6.01 kJ
H2O (s) H2O (l)
DH = 6.01 kJ
DH3 = q3 = msDt s = J / g °C
Dt3 = (100.°C -0°C) = 100.0°C
DH3 = (18.01 g)(4.184 J / g °C)(100.0°C) = 7540 J = 7.54 kJ
DH4 = DHvap = (44.0 kJ/mol ) (1 mol) = 44.0 kJ
H2O (l) H2O (g)
DH = 44.0 kJ
DH5 = q5 = msDt s = J / g °C
Dt5 = (125.0°C – 100.0°C) = 25.0°C
DH5 = (18.01 g) (2.043 J / g °C) (25.0°C) = 920 J = kJ
DHnet = DH1 + DH2 + DH3 + DH4 + DH5
= kJ kJ kJ kJ kJ = 56.1 kJ

32. Constant-Volume Calorimetry
qsys = qwater + qbomb + qrxn
qsys = 0
qrxn = - (qwater + qbomb)
qwater = msDt
qbomb = CbombDt
Reaction at Constant V
DH = qrxn
DH ~ qrxn
No heat enters or leaves!
6.5

33. Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
qsys = qwater + qcal + qrxn
qsys = 0
qrxn = - (qwater + qcal)
qwater = msDt
qcal = CcalDt
Reaction at Constant P
DH = qrxn
No heat enters or leaves!
6.5

34. What happens is we mix two liquids at different temperatures?
Example: Mix 100 g water at 25°C with 100 g water at 75°C What is the final temperature?
Since both liquids are the same (water) and both have the same weight (100 g) => take the average
75°C
Loss of thermal energy
50°C
Energy
Gain of thermal energy
25°C
What happens if the substances are different or the amounts are different?

35. | Heat lost by copper | = | Heat gained by water |
If g of Copper at °C is added to g water at 25.0°C What is the final temperature?
| Heat lost by copper | = | Heat gained by water |
qsys = qwater + qcal + qCu = 0 assume qcal is very very small
- qCu = qH2O
-qCu = - mCusCuDtCu = mH2OsH2ODtH2O
Dt = (tfinal – tinitial)
sCu = J / g °C sH2O = J / g °C
-(60.56 g)(0.385 J/g°C)(tfinal °C) = (150. g)(4.184 J/g°C)(tinitial -25.0°C)
(-23.3 J/g°C) tfinal J = (628 J/g°C) tfinal – J
15700 J J = (( ) J/g°C) tfinal
tfinal = (18000/651.3)°C
tfinal = 27.7°C

36. 6.5

37. Chemistry in Action: Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) DH = kJ/mol
1 cal = J
1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4184 J

38. (24.76 kJ / g Mg)(24.31 g Mg / mol Mg) = 601.9 kJ / mol Mg
A g sample of solid magnesium is burned in a constant volume bomb calorimeter that has a heat capacity of 3027 J/°C. The temperature increases by °C. Calculate the heat change by the burning Mg in kJ/g and in kJ/mol.
| Heat given off by reaction | = | Heat gained by calorimeter |
qCal = CpDt = (3024 J/°C)(1.126 °C) = x103 J
qRxn = (3.405 x103 J)(1 kJ / 1000 J) = kJ / g Mg
g Mg
(24.76 kJ / g Mg)(24.31 g Mg / mol Mg) = kJ / mol Mg
Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
What would happen to the temperature of the water if it were the opposite type reaction?

39. Because there is no way to measure the absolute value of the enthalpy of a substance, must I measure the enthalpy change for every reaction of interest?
Establish an arbitrary scale with the standard enthalpy of formation (DH0) as a reference point for all enthalpy expressions. f
Standard enthalpy of formation (DH0) is the heat change that results when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements at a pressure of 1 atm. f
The standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most stable form is zero.
DH0 (O2) = 0 f
DH0 (C, graphite) = 0 f
DH0 (O3) = 142 kJ/mol f
DH0 (C, diamond) = 1.90 kJ/mol f

40. 6.6

41. The standard enthalpy of reaction (DH0 ) is the enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1 atm.
rxn
aA + bB cC + dD
DH0
rxn
dDH0 (D) f
cDH0 (C) = [ + ] -
bDH0 (B)
aDH0 (A)
DH0
rxn
nDH0 (products) f = S
mDH0 (reactants) -
Hess’s Law: When reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
(Enthalpy is a state function. It doesn’t matter how you get there, only where you start and end.)

42. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CS2 (l) given that:
C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) DH0 = kJ
rxn
S(rhombic) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) DH0 = kJ
rxn
CS2(l) + 3O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g) DH0 = kJ
rxn
1. Write the enthalpy of formation reaction for CS2
C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l)
2. Add the given rxns so that the result is the desired rxn.
rxn
C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) DH0 = kJ
2S(rhombic) + 2O2 (g) SO2 (g) DH0 = x2 kJ
rxn +
CO2(g) + 2SO2 (g) CS2 (l) + 3O2 (g) DH0 = kJ
rxn
C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic) CS2 (l)
DH0 = (2x-296.1) = 86.3 kJ
rxn

43. 2C6H6 (l) + 15O2 (g) 12CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
Benzene (C6H6) burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and liquid water. How much heat is released per mole of benzene combusted? The standard enthalpy of formation of benzene is kJ/mol.
2C6H6 (l) + 15O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
DH0
rxn
nDH0 (products) f = S
mDH0 (reactants) -
DH0
rxn
6DH0 (H2O) f
12DH0 (CO2) = [ + ] -
2DH0 (C6H6)
DH0
rxn =
[ 12x– x–187.6 ] – [ 2x49.04 ] = kJ
-5946 kJ
2 mol
= kJ/mol C6H6
6.6

44. DHsoln = Hsoln - Hcomponents
The enthalpy of solution (DHsoln) is the heat generated or absorbed when a certain amount of solute dissolves in a certain amount of solvent.
DHsoln = Hsoln - Hcomponents
Which substance(s) could be used for melting ice?
Which substance(s) could be used for a cold pack?
6.7

45. The Solution Process for NaCl
DHsoln = Step 1 + Step 2 = 788 – 784 = 4 kJ/mol
6.7