1. Activity 2.1.3 Workshops and Trainings on “Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights” October 2014

2. © Silvia Navares 2 Enforcement of IP Rights 1) Application procedure/ formalities 2) Examination at IP offices 3) Grant of right 4) Enforcement

3. Counterfeit and Piracy cause  Loss of sales revenue  Loss of tax revenue  Loss of employment  Decline in investment  Cultural consequences – dis-incentive to engage in creative work  Risks for the health of the consumer.  Dilution of the trade mark

4. What items are being Counterfeited?  Sports wear  Tobacco  Jewellery and watches  Pharmaceuticals (medicines for cancer) and pesticides  Foodstuffs and beverages  Children’s toys  Cars, car parts (pe. Airbags), pool parts  Electronics,Electrical supplies  Personal care products  ip4inno Module 5D: Counterfeiting and Piracy  www.ip4inno.eu Anything that can make money, especially if profit margins are large e.g. razor blades

5. Counterfeit ip4inno Module 5D: Counterfeiting and Piracy www.ip4inno.eu

6. What is a Violation of I ntellectual P roperty R ights? 6 Intellectual property rights are property rights that belong to their owners. Therefore, only the owners of such rights or persons they have authorised are entitled to use and exploit them. By contrast, any use of IP rights by non-authorised persons constitute an infringement of such rights and is to be condemned at Court level. Different kinds of use are normally prohibited: strict reproduction of the IPR; imitation, manufacturing, distribution, advertising, importing goods bearing IPR without the authorisation of the right holder. Counterfeit: IP rights infringements. Piracy: Intelectual Property rights infringements.

7.  INCREASING PHAENOMENON  REPRESENTS THE SECOND TYPE OF ORGANIZED CRIME AFTER DRUG CRIME. Counterfeit and Piracy 7

8. Parallel Imports is not Counterfeit 8 Parallel import: due to the principle of territoriality, it is in principle illegal to import a real product from another country. However, this rule is not absolute. There are paralell or “grey imports” when prices are cheaper in a third country. In certain areas, such as within the European Exchange Area that comprises the EU and the European Free Trade Agreement countries (EFTA), the principle of free movement of goods prevails and exhausts IPRs. It means that it will be possible to import products from one country to another one.

9.  Enforcement of IPRs were traditionally addressed by national laws and not at the International level. This changed with the set of enforcement rules by the TRIPS Agreement in its Part III, in year 1994. At international level, criminal sanctions were first addressed in the TRIPS Agreement in Article 61 but in very general terms.  At European level, the EU adopted the first Customs Regulation No 3294/94 on 22 December 1994, which scope of the regulation was amended and broaden in 2003 and again in 2013 with Regulation 608/2013.  In 2004, the first harmonised remedies for IP infringements were gathered under the Directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of intellectual property rights.  Ongoing negotiations in the EU about drafting a Directive on criminal enforcement of IP rights. Enforcing IPRs within the EU – A Bit of History 9

10. ip4inno 10 “Infringements/ Defences” Trademarks – infringing acts  offering for sale goods or services bearing a mark the same or similar to a registered mark with the intention of confusing, blocking or diverting customers from the goods and services of the trade mark owner) Trademarks – defences (exceptions)  the use of a mark in a non-trade context, like discussing coca-cola with people but not trying to sell them a drink at the same time; using your own name (even if you are Mr McDonald); using a mark in ways OTHER than as a "badge of origin". www.ip4inno.euwww.ip4inno.eu. Module 5A: 01 ENFORCEMENT OF IP RIGHTS

11. Examples of Counterfeiting  Applying a trademark without the authorization of the rights holder to a product that is not manufactured by the company that holds the trademark;  Manufacturing a Disney doll (ie. Elsa from the film Frozen) that represents the main character of a well known film without the authorization of the rights holder; or  Making copies of a DVD without the authorization of the copyright owner.  ip4inno Module 5D: Counterfeiting and Piracy  www.ip4inno.eu

12. ENFORCEMENT Effective LegislationInstitutional Cooperation Awareness Pillars of Enforcement 12

13. Legislation Enforcement of IP Rights Civil Enforcement  Caused by a civil infringement  Private prosecution Criminal Enforcement  Caused by a criminal infringement  Allows public prosecution 13

14. ip4inno 14 Enforcement of IP Rights  Patents and Utility models:  are to be enforced through civil lawsuits  some territories have criminal penalties  Trade marks, Designs:  can be enforced through both private and public prosecution, it depends of the facts  Copyright:  can be enforced through both private and public prosecution  IP laws are territorial in scope. Special legal advice should be sought.

15. ip4inno 15 Authorities concerned with IP rights Enforcement Primarily  National IP-offices  Relevant ministries  Police  Customs and Taxation authorities  Courts  www.ip4inno.eu. Module 5A: 01 ENFORCEMENT OF IP RIGHTS www.ip4inno.eu

16. ip4inno 16 Steps to take when encountering counterfeited and pirated goods  Confirm the IP right of the product (registered, valid, classes)  Does the counterfeited and pirated good actually infringe the IP right?  Find out distribution channel of the counterfeited and pirated goods  Try to get copies of the counterfeited and pirated goods (evidence)  Contact enforcement institutions such as customs office and the police (lodge application)

17. ip4inno 17 How to apply for action by the customs authorities in the EU?  National Action:  all national IP rights  Community Action:  community trademark  community design right www.ip4inno.euwww.ip4inno.eu. Module 5A: 01 ENFORCEMENT OF IP RIGHTS

18. TRIPS Agreement.  Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) is Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO), signed in Marrakesh, Morocco on 15 April 1994.  Sets out minimum levels of standards  Compulsory provisions  IP right holders will know across borders what their rights are.  However, sanctions on criminal activities are not harmonised  Intellectual Property Rights (include Industrial Property Rights).

19.  Aim: Reduce distortions and impediments to international trade, and taking into account the need to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights, and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade; Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 19

20. A.GENERAL OBLIGATIONS  Enforcement procedures shall: a) Be fair and equitable b) Not be complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time- limits c) Permit EFFECTIVE PROTECTION against infringements d) Foresee remedies to prevent future infringements e) Avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and provide for safeguards against their abuse. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 20

21. f) Foresee the right to a review by a judicial authority Of the final administrative decisions (but not of acquittals in criminal cases). g) Not mean the creation of a new judicial system just for enforcement. claim. procedures shall not impose No burdensome requirements concerning mandatory personal appearances Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 21

22. B. CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES  For the enforcement of all Intellectual Property Rights regulated in the TRIP´s  Right to written Notice (for Defendants) that will be timely and shall contain sufficient detail of the claim.  Shall provide means to identify and protect confidential information (unless it is not constitutional). Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 22

23. B. CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES Evidence (Art.43) When a party to a proceeding voluntarily and without good reason: a) refuses access to or does not provide necessary information within a reasonable period or b) significantly impedes a procedure relating to an enforcement action Judicial authorities may be given the authority to make preliminary and final determinations, on the basis of the information presented to them, including the complaint of the party adversely affected by the denial of access to information, provided that the parties had the opportunity to be heard. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 23

24. CIVIL PROCEDURES. INJUNCTIONS (Art.44) Judicial authorities may order a party to desist from an infringement, to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of imported goods that involve the infringement of an IP rights, immediately after customs clearance of such goods. Exception: Goods acquired or ordered by a person prior to knowing or having reasonable grounds to know that they constituted an intellectual property right infringement of an Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 24

25. CIVIL PROCEDURES. DAMAGES (Art.45) Judicial authorities could order the infringer to pay the right holder: a) damages to compensate for the injury suffered because of an Infringement caused by an infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in infringing activity. b) the right holder´s expenses (pe. attorney's fees). And In appropriate cases c) recovery of profits and/or payment of pre-established damages even where the infringer did not knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engage in infringing activity Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 25

26. CIVIL PROCEDURES. Other remedies (Art.46) Judicial authorities could order, without any compensation, and considering proportionality between seriousness of the infringement Remedies ordered &3 rd Parties Interests that infringing goods be a) disposed of outside the channels of commerce in such a manner as to avoid any harm caused to the right holder or minimize the risk of further infringements. b) destroyed (unless contrary to existing constitutional rules). Removal of the trademark unlawfully affixed (other than in exceptional cases) shall not be sufficient to permit release of the goods into the channels of commerce. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 26

27. CIVIL PROCEDURES. Right of Information (Art.47) Judicial authorities may be empowered, unless unproportioned to the seriousness of the infringement, to order the infringer to inform the right holder of: a)the identity of third persons involved in the production and distribution of the infringing goods or services b) their channels of distribution. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 27

28. CIVIL PROCEDURES. Indemnification of the Defendant (Art.48)  Adequate compensation for the injury caused by the party at whose request measures were taken and who has abused enforcement procedures.  It may include the appropriate attorney's fees.  Public authorities and officials shall be exempted their from liability when there remedial measures where taken or intended in good faith in the course of the administration of the law. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 28

29. CIVIL PROCEDURES Provisional Measures (Art.50) Prompt and effective provisional measures: a) to prevent an infringement of any IP right from occurring, and in particular to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of goods, including imported goods immediately after customs clearance; b) to preserve relevant evidence in regard to the alleged infringement.  Applicant can be required to provide reasonably available evidence.  They can be adopted inaudita altera parte where: a) delay will cause irreparable harm to the rightholder, or b) there is a demonstrable risk of evidence being destroyed. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 29

30. CIVIL PROCEDURES Provisional Measures (Art.50)  Notice.- Shall be given to the parties, at the latest after the execution of the measures.  Right for a Review.- including a right to be heard, upon request of the defendant with a view to deciding, whether these measures shall be modified, revoked or confirmed. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 30

31. CIVIL PROCEDURES. Provisional Measures (Art.50)  P. Measures shall be revoked, upon request by the defendant, if proceedings are not initiated when determined by the Member's law, but not later than 20 working days or 31 calendar days.  Appropriate compensation to the defendant, for any injury caused when the provisional measures are revoked or where they lapse due to any act or omission by the applicant, or where it is subsequently found that there has been no infringement or threat of infringement of an intellectual property right.  These principles apply to p. measures in an administrative procedure. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 31

32. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO BORDER MEASURES. (Art.51) Suspension of Release by Customs Authorities Application for the Suspension of the Release.-  Right holder, with valid grounds for suspecting of an importation of counterfeit trademark or pirated copyright goods.  lodge an application in writing with competent authorities, administrative or judicial, for the suspension by the customs authorities of the release into free circulation of such goods. Exhaustion of Rights.- There shall be no obligation to apply such procedures to imports of goods put on the market in another EU country by or with the consent of the right holder, or to goods in transit. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 32

33. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO BORDER MEASURES. (Art.51) (a) "counterfeit trademark goods“: any goods, including packaging, bearing without authorization a trademark which is identical to the trademark validly registered in respect of such goods, or which cannot be distinguished in its essential aspects from such a trademark, and which thereby infringes the rights of the owner of the trademark in question under the law of the country of importation; (b) "pirated copyright goods“: any goods which are copies made without the consent of the right holder or person duly authorized by the right holder in the country of production and which are made directly or indirectly from an article where the making of that copy would have constituted an infringement of a copyright or a related right under the law of the country of importation. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 33

34. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO BORDER MEASURES. (Art.51) Members may also provide for procedures concerning the suspension by Customs authorities of the release of infringing goods destined for exportation from their territories. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 34

35. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO BORDER MEASURES. (Art.52) Application Any right holder initiating the procedures of suspension of the release of the infringing goods shall be required to provide: a)Evidence that, apparently there is an IP right infringement (under the laws of the country of importation). b)A sufficiently detailed description of the goods to make them recognizable by the customs authorities.  Authorities will inform if the application is accepted and the period for which the customs authorities will take action. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 35

36. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO BORDER MEASURES. (Art.53) Security or Equivalent Assurance  To be provided by the applicant to protect the defendant and prevent abuse. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 36

37. Notice of Suspension (Art.54) Prompt notification of the suspension of the release of goods to the importer and the Applicant. Duration of Suspension (Art.55) Max. 10 working days (could be extended to 10 more working days) since the applicant has been served notice of the suspension, and proceedings leading to a decision of the merits have not been initiated. Goods shall be released, provided that all other conditions for importation or exportation have been complied with; Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 37

38.  Review.- If proceedings leading to a decision on the merits of the case have been initiated, Defendant has right for a review, including a right to be heard, with a view to deciding, whether measures shall be modified, revoked or confirmed. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 38

39. Indemnification of the Importer and of the Owner of the Goods(Art.56) By wrongful detention of goods Relevant authorities upon request Compensate injuries caused to importer, consignee and the owner of the goods. Right of Inspection and Information (Art.57)  Without prejudice to the protection of confidential information, right holder (for substantiation of his claims) and Importer could have the opportunity to inspect the goods detained by customs authorities-  Where a positive determination has been made on the merits of a case, competent authorities could inform the right holder of the names and addresses of the consignor, the importer and the consignee and of the quantity of the goods in question. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 39

40. Ex Officio Action (Art.58 )  Competent authorities acting upon their own initiative  Suspend the release of goods where acquired evidence that an IP right is being infringed  Competent authorities may seek from the right holder any information  Prompt notification of the suspension to the importer and right holder.  Exemption from liability of public authorities and officials if appropriate remedial measures where actions are taken or intended in good faith. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 40

41. Remedies (Art.59) Competent authorities could order the destruction or disposal of infringing Goods (considering proportionality between the seriousness of the infringement, the remedies ordered and the interests of third parties) without prejudice to other rights of action open to the right holder and the right for de Defendant to seek judicial review In regard to counterfeit trademark goods, authorities shall not allow re- exportation of infringing goods in an unaltered state or subject them to a different customs procedure, (other than in exceptional circumstances). Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 41

42. De Minimis Imports (Art.60) Small quantities of goods of a non-commercial nature contained in travellers' personal luggage or sent in small consignments can be excluded. Ex Officio Action (Art.58) By suspension of the release of goods suspected of infringing IP rights when authorities acting upon their own iniciative: (a) authorities may seek from the right holder any information for their assistance. b) importer and right holder shall be promptly notified of the suspension. (c) public authorities and officials shall be exempted from liability where appropriate remedial measures were taken or intended in good faith. Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 42

43. SECTION 5: CRIMINAL PROCEDURES (Art. 61)  Members shall provide for criminal procedures and penalties to be applied at least in cases of wilful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale (could be extended to other IP rights when infringement commited wilfully and on commercial scale).  Remedies: a) imprisonment and/or b) monetary fines sufficient to provide a deterrent, corresponding to the gravity. c) (in appropriate cases) seizure, forfeiture and destruction of infringing goods and materials and implements the predominant use of which has been in the commission of the offence Activity 2.1.3 1. TRIPS AGREEMENT 43

44. ip4inno 44 Directive 48/2004 The EC Directive among other things provides for:  Provisional and precautionary measures  Corrective measures  Injunctions  Alternative measures  Rules about compensation  Publication of the decision + publicity measures www.ip4inno.euwww.ip4inno.eu. Module 5A: 01 ENFORCEMENT OF IP RIGHTS

45. 45 How to Enforce IPRs within the EU ? - Remedies By virtue of the Directive 2004/48/EC, the EU Member States had to implement the following enforcement measures in their legal systems:  Damages;  Fines;  Imprisonment;  Seizure of counterfeit goods, bank accounts, infringement assets, and machinery;  Destruction of infringing goods and machinery;  Closure of factory and/or website;  Publishing of judgements.

46. ip4inno 46 The EU Framework The EC Directive among other things provides for:  Provisional and precautionary measures  Corrective measures  Injunctions  Alternative measures  Rules about compensation  Publication www.ip4inno.euwww.ip4inno.eu. Module 5A: 01 ENFORCEMENT OF IP RIGHTS

47. ip4inno 47 The EU Framework Provisional and Precautionary Measures  Prevent imminent infringement of IP right  Forbid continuation of the alleged infringement  Seizure or delivery up of the goods that constitutes an infringement  Precautionary seizure  Require the IP rights holder to provide any reasonably available evidence

48. ip4inno 48 The EU Framework Provisional and Precautionary Measures  Prevent imminent infringement of IP right  Forbid continuation of the alleged infringement  Seizure or delivery up of the goods that constitutes an infringement  Precautionary seizure of the movable and immovable property  Require the IP rights holder to provide any reasonably available evidence  There is no harmonization of criminal sanctions across the EU ip4inno Module 5D: Counterfeiting and Piracy www.ip4inno.eu

49. EU – What you can do  Owner of Community IPR – can request assistance by the customs authorities of the Member State in which it is lodged.  Can also request assistance of one or more other Member States.  The decision taken in the Member State in which the application is lodged has the same legal effects in all other requested Member States. ip4inno Module 5D: Counterfeiting and Piracy www.ip4inno.eu

50. Access to Evidence (Art.6)  In the case of infringement committed on a commercial scale Member States, judicial authorities can order the infringer to provide the information he may have like banking, financial or commercial documents.  Protection of confidential information. Activity 2.1.3 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 50

51. Preservation of Evidence (Art.7)  Even before the commencement of proceedings, the competent judicial authorities may order prompt and effective provisional measures for the preservation of the evidence, such as: detailed description or physical seizure of the infringing goods, the materials and implements used in the production and/or distribution of the goods, and the documents relating thereto. Activity 2.1.3 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 51

52. Right of Information (Art.8)  On the origin and distribution networks of the infringing goods or services. The judicial authorities can order that information to be provided by the infringer.  Type of Information: -Names and addresses of the producers, distributors, … -Sums of the goods being produced, handed in, received or ordered as well as their economic return.  Confidentiality of personal data. Activity 2.1.3 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 52

53. Provisional and Precautionary Measures (Art.9) Judicial authorities may, at the request of the applicant order:  interlocutory injunction intended to prevent any imminent infringement of an IPR, or to forbid the continuation of the alleged infringements of that right; fines could be agreed in case there is a continuation. As well it could be permitted to continue by giving a guarantee to the Ipr holder.  interlocutory injunction against an intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe an IPR;  and seizure or delivery up of the goods suspected of infringing an IPR so as to prevent their entry into or movement within the channels of commerce. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 53

54. Provisional and Precautionary Measures (Art.9) II.  By risk of not being awarded with the damages, the Judicial authorities could order the freezing of the bank accounts or other assets of the infringer.  Can be adopted without the other part being heard.  Can be adopted with the lodging of a security for possible damages to the defendant.  revoked or cease to have effect, upon request of the defendant, if the applicant does not institute, proceedings in the period where the law of a Member State so permits but not exceeding 20 working days or 31 calendar days, whichever is longer. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 54

55. Corrective measures (Article 10).  judicial authorities may order, at the request of the applicant, and on the defendants expenses, that appropriate measures be taken with regard to goods that they have found to be infringing an intellectual property right and, in appropriate cases, with regard to materials and implements used in the manufacture of those goods, including A) destruction B) recall C) definitive removal of the goods from the channels channels of commerce. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 55

56. Injunctions (Article 11).  The judicial authorities may issue against the infringer an injunction aimed at prohibiting the continuation of the infringement. Right holders may also apply for an injunction against intermediaries whose services are used by a third party to infringe an IPR. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 56

57. Alternative Measures (Article 12).  The competent judicial authorities may order pecuniary compensation to be paid to the injured party instead of measures mentioned above, in case of unintentional and non-negligent infringement, if execution of the measures would cause disproportionate harm and if pecuniary compensation to the injured party appears reasonably satisfactory. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 57

58. Damages (Article 13).  Competent judicial authorities, on application of the injured party, can order the infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in an infringing activity, to pay the right holder damages appropriate to the actual prejudice suffered by him/her as a result of the infringement. The judicial authorities shall take into account aspects such as the negative economic consequences, including lost profits, any unfair profits made by the infringer, the moral prejudice. In appropriate cases, damages may be set as a lump sum. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 58

59. Legal Costs (Article 14).  The legal costs and other expenses incurred by the successful party shall, as a general rule, must be borne by the unsuccessful party, unless equity does not allow this. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 59

60. Publication of Judgements (Article 15).  Judicial authorities may order, at the request of the applicant and at the expense of the infringer, appropriate measures for the dissemination of the information concerning the decision, including displaying the decision and publishing it in full or in part. Activity 2.1.3 II. LEGISLATION ON ENFORCEMENT. 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 60

61. Codes of conduct (Art.17) Promotion of codes of conduct (ie. recommending the use on optical discs of a code enabling the identification of the origin of their manufacture)  Makes the product more difficult to copy  Makes the product more easily identifiable as authentic to the consumer  Marking the goods with tracing devices (chips) enables tracking.. Activity 2.1.3 2. DIRECTIVE 2004/48 ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 61

62. ip4inno 62 Infringement and Litigation Type of infringement Method of prosecution Goal Outcome of enforcement Civil Infringement Private Prosecution - To stop the infringement immediately - Seizure or delivery of goods - Precautionary seizure of movable and immovable property Prohibitive injunction To prevent the infringement from being remitted Court action to confirm the interim injunction Recognition of the IP right validity Court action for a declaration Getting damages for the loss encountered Court action for damages Criminal Infringement Public prosecution Public interest in punishing infringements of IP rights - Especially in cases of Counterfeiting and Piracy but can be used for all IP rights Fines and in case of gross infringements also terms of imprisonment

63. Offences Registered Trade Mark CopyrightRemedies Burden of proof CIVIL LAW or COMMON LAW Private prosecution by IP owner E.g. Branding your tyre-making company "LOTUS" when not affiliated to the LOTUS car company E.g. Taking photos from a brochure for use on a website without the photographer's permission Damages Account of profits Injunctions Balance of probabilities CRIMINAL LAW Public prosecution by the state E.g. Unauthorised application of the Nike ® logo to 1000s of T-shirts for street markets. Counterfeiting E.g. Printing 1000s of DVDs and CDs with illegal copies of movies, games, music & software, for street markets. Piracy Fines Prison Beyond reasonable doubt ip4inno Module 5D: Counterfeiting and Piracy www.ip4inno.eu

64. Offences Registered Trade Mark CopyrightRemedies Burden of proof CIVIL LAW or COMMON LAW Private prosecution by IP owner E.g. Branding your tyre-making company "LOTUS" when not affiliated to the LOTUS car company E.g. Taking photos from a brochure for use on a website without the photographer's permission Damages Account of profits Injunctions Balance of probabilities CRIMINAL LAW Public prosecution by the state E.g. Unauthorised application of the Nike ® logo to 1000s of T-shirts for street markets. Counterfeiting E.g. Printing 1000s of DVDs and CDs with illegal copies of movies, games, music & software, for street markets. Piracy Fines Prison Beyond reasonable doubt ip4inno Module 5D: Counterfeiting and Piracy www.ip4inno.eu

65. Thank you! 65