1. Module 8 – 12’: Skin Diseases and Disorders

2. Introduction
Skin care begins with understanding its underlying structure and basic needs
You must recognize adverse conditions
Inflamed skin
Diseases
Infectious skin disorders

3. Skin care specialists are in high demand
High end salons/spas
Work less arduous and physically demanding

4. Aging of the Skin Process that takes many years
Do not necessarily age as your parents

5. Intrinsic Factors Genetic aging Gravity How your parents aged
Their skin coloring
Resistance to sun damage
Gravity

6. Facial expressions Repeated movements – expression lines
Crow’s feet – eyes
Nasolabial folds – corners of the nose
Scowl lines – between eyes

7. Extrinsic Factors Primarily environmental factors
Up to 85% of skin aging
What we choose to put into our bodies has a profound effect on the over all aging process

8. Sun Exposure Tanning= no-no Daily doses – damaging causing
# 1 cause of premature aging
Use broad spectrum sunscreen every day – (most makeup has)

9. Weakening and contractions of the blood vessels and small capillaries
Smoking
Free Radicals – unstable molecules that cause biochemical aging
Causes premature wrinkling of the skin
Weakening and contractions of the blood vessels and small capillaries
Tissues are deprived of essential oxygen
Skin may have a yellow or gray tone to it and a dullness

10. Alcohol Causes body to repair itself poorly
Interferes with proper nutrition distribution for skin & body tissues
Over dilates the blood vessels and capillaries
Causes capillaries to weaken and burst
Flushed appearance and blotchy red eyes
Dehydrates the skin by drawing out essential water
Causing the skin to appear dull and dry

11. Smoking & Alcohol Combination can be devastating to the skin
Constant dilation and contraction of capillaries and blood vessels as well as oxygen and water deprivation quickly make skin appear lifeless and dull
Difficult for skin to adjust and repair itself

12. Illegal drug use Similar effects of smoking
Interfere with body’s intake of oxygen – affecting healthy cell growth
Some can aggravate skin conditions – acne
Dryness and allergic reactions on skin surface

13. Cumulative stress –
Causes biochemical changes that lead to tissue damage
Poor nutrition – deprives skin of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals needed
Exposure to pollution – produces free radicals and interferes with oxygen consumption

14. Outside factors that influence aging
Sun
Environment
Health habits
General lifestyle
Heredity has little to do with the aging process when above factors are so great (15%)

15. The Sun and its Effects
The sun and its UV rays have the greatest impact
80 – 85 % of our aging process is caused by the rays
Collagen and elastin fibers weaken as we age
Happens faster when skin is frequently exposed

16. UVA Rays “Aging rays” 90 – 95% rays reach the earth
Rays weaken the collagen and elastin fibers
Causes wrinkling and sagging in skin tissues

17. UVB Rays “Burning” rays Affects the melanocytes
Rays can destroy melanocytes cells so they can no longer protect the skin
Do not penetrate as deep as UVA rays
Can be equally damaging to the skin and eyes
UVB rays do contribute to the body’s absorption of vitamin D

18. UVB rays - cause Sunburns Tanning Majority of skin cancers
Shorter rays that penetrate at the base of epidermis

19. Precautions Sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher
Avoid exposure during peak hours (10 am – 3 pm)
Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before exposure to allow for absorption
Reapply sunscreen after water activity and sweating
Sunscreen should be full or broad spectrum to filter both UVA & UVB rays – check expiration dates

20. Avoid exposure for children under 6 months
Wear protective clothing
See Dermatologist regularly if changes in moles
Coloration
Size
shape
Self-care examinations

21. Skin Aging and the Environment
Air pollutants affect the overall appearance and health
Factories
Auto exhaust
Secondhand smoke
Speeds up the aging process

22. Follow daily skin routine
Washing
Exfoliating - Removes dead skin cells
Moisturizers
Protective lotions
Foundation

23. Disorders of the Skin Objective symptoms Subjective symptoms Prognosis
Symptoms that can be seen
Subjective symptoms
Symptoms that are those that can be felt
Prognosis
Foretelling of probable course of a disease
Diagnosis
Recognition of a disease by its symptoms

24. Occupational Disorders on Cosmetology
Dermatitis Venerate – allergies developed to ingredients in:
Cosmetics
Antiseptics
Cold waving lotions aniline derivative tints
WEAR GLOVES !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

25. Contact Dermatitis
An inflammation of the skin caused by contact with chemicals or substances

26. Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Develops an allergy to an ingredients or a chemical by repeated skin contact
Sensitization –
An allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or substance
Fingers
Face
scalp

27. Irritant Contact Dermatitis
When irritating substances temporarily damage the epidermis
Not usually chronic if precautions are taken
Corrosive substances or exfoliants
Inflammation, redness, swelling , itching, burning

28. WEAR GLOVES!!!!! Or use tongs!!!!!!
Hand washing causes dryness and cracking – use moisturizers

29. Protect Yourself Keep implements and surfaces clean and disinfected
Wear gloves
Keep hands clean and moisturized

30. Disorders of the Skin
You must be prepared to recognize certain skin conditions
Know what you can and cannot work on
If you see a skin condition you do not recognize – refer to a physician
DO NOT serve a client who has an inflamed skin disorder

31. Lesions of the Skin
Lesion – is a mark that may indicate an injury or damage that changes the structure of tissues or organs
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

32. Primary Lesions Different color or raised above surface
Bulla – A large blister containing a watery fluid
Cyst – A closed, abnormally developed sac, containing fluid, semifluid or morbid matter

33. Primary Lesions Continued
Macule – A spot or discoloration on the skin – freckle
Nodule – a solid lump larger than .4 inches, can be easily felt
Papule – A pimple, contains no fluid but may develop pus

34. Primary Lesions Continued
Pustule – An inflamed pimple containing pus
Tubercle – An abnormal rounded, solid lump

35. Primary Lesions Continued
Tumor – A swelling; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive multiplication of cells, varies in size, shape and color
Vesicle – A small blister or sac containing clear fluid –
Ex: poison ivy , poison oak

36. Primary Lesions Continued
Wheal – An itchy swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours
Ex: insect bite, urticaria (skin allergy), hives, mosquito bite

37. Secondary Lesion Those that develop in the later stages of disease:
Crust - Dead cells that form over a wound or blemish while it is healing
Ex: scab on a sore

38. Secondary Lesions Continued
Excoriation – A skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping
Ex: brush burn
Fissure – A crack in the skin
Ex: chapped lips or hands

39. Secondary Lesions Continued
Keloid – A thick scar
Scale – Thin plate of epidermal flakes, dry or oily
Ex: dandruff
Scar – Cicatrix – Light colored, slightly raised mark formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed

40. Ulcer – An open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth

41. Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands
Open Comedo/Comedone – Blackhead – a wormlike mass of hardened sebum in a hair follicle – keratin and sebum
T-zone
Sebum exposed to environment, oxidizes and turn black

42. Closed Comedo Milia – Whiteheads
Should be removed under sterile conditions using proper extraction procedures

43. Milia – Whiteheads – benign, keratin filled
small, whitish, pear-like masses in/under the epidermis
due to retention of sebum
associated with fine-textures, dry skin types
Sesame seed –round
Eyes, cheeks, forehead

44. Sebaceous Cyst – large protruding pocket-like lesion filled with sebum
Acne – A skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions, bacteria – Propionbacterium acnes
Two Types
Simple Acne
Acne Vulgaris
Sebaceous Cyst – large protruding pocket-like lesion filled with sebum
Scalp, back
Surgically removed

45. Seborrheic dermatitis – skin condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous gland
Redness, dry or oily scaling, crusting, itchiness
Eyebrows, beard, scalp, middle forehead, sides of nose
Cortisone creams, antifungal medications

46. Rosacea – (formerly - Acne Rosacea) is a chronic congestion appearing primarily on the cheeks and nose
Characterized by – redness, dilation of the blood vessels and the formation of papules and pustules
Cause unknown
Aggravated by: spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol, exposure to extremes of heat and cold or sunlight, and stress

47. Asteatosis – Is a condition of dry, scaly skin due to a deficiency or absence of sebum, caused by old age and exposure to cold

48. Steatoma – (Wen) Is a sebaceous cyst or fatty tumor, filled with sebum and ranges in size from a pea to an orange
Usually appears on the back, neck or scalp

49. Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands
Anhidrosis – Deficiency in perspiration
Result of a fever or certain skin diseases
Requires medical attention
Bromhidrosis – Foul smelling perspiration
Usually more noticeable in armpits and feet
Hyperhidrosis – Excessive sweating
Cause by: heat or general body weakness
Medical attention is required

50. Miliaria Rubra – Prickly heat – heat rash
Characterized by: eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin
Caused by: exposure to excessive heat

51. Inflammations of the Skin
Dermatitis – Inflammatory condition of the skin
Eczema – An inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin
Forms: dry or moist
Must be referred to a physician
Cause unknown
Not contagious

52. Conjunctivitis Pinkeye Bacterial infection of the eyes
Products or implements touching infected eyes MUST be thrown away

53. Herpes Simplex – Fever blister or cold sore; recurring viral infection
Characterized by: eruption of a single vesicle or group of vesicles on a red swollen base
Lips, nostrils, other parts of face
IT IS CONTAGIOUS!
Virus remains in person’s body!

54. Impetigo Contagious bacterial infection Weeping lesions
Face (chin area)
Children
VERY CONTAGIOUS!!!!!!!

55. Psoriasis – A skin disease
characterized by: red patches, covered with white-silver scales
usually found on the scalp elbows, knees, chest and lower back
It is not contagious
Caused by cells turning over faster than normal
Irritated – bleeding can occur
Not curable

56. Pigmentations of the Skin
Albinism – Congenital leukoderma/hypopigmentation or absence of melanin pigment of the body
Silky hair is white
Skin is pinkish white and will not tan
Eyes are pink
Skin is sensitive to light and ages early

57. Dyschromias – Hyperpigmentation Hypopigmentation Abnormal colorations
Accompany a skin disorder may mean systemic disorder
Hyperpigmentation
Darker than normal pigmentation
Hypopigmentation
Absence of pigment
Results in white or light splotches

58. Chloasma – increased pigmentation on the skin (not elevated)
Also called moth patches or liver spots
Cumulative sun exposure
exfoliation

59. Leukoderma – light abnormal patches
Lentigines – singular: Lentigo – Technical term for freckles developed by exposure to sunlight and air
Leukoderma – light abnormal patches
Caused by: burn or congenital disease that destroys pigment producing cells
Classified as : Vitiligo and albinism

60. Nevus – birthmark
Stain – Abnormal brown or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular and irregular shape – cause is unknown

61. Vitiligo – Milky-white spots –
Tan – Change in pigmentation of skin caused by exposure to the sun or ultraviolet rays
Vitiligo – Milky-white spots –
Causes hypopigmented spots and blotches
must be protected from overexposure to the sun
(Michael Jackson claimed to have this)

62. Hypertrophies of the Skin
Keratoma – An acquired superficial growth of the skin – many are benign or harmless
Callus
Corn – inward growth
Mole – A small brownish spot or blemish on the skin
Any change in a mole requires medical attention

63. Skin Tag – Small brown or flesh colored outgrowth of the skin
Verruca – Wart – Caused by a virus
Is infectious
Can spread from one location to another
Hypertrophy – abnormal growth of the skin

64. Skin Cancer Basal Cell Carcinoma – Most common and least severe
characterized by: light or pearly nodules
Squamus Cell Carcinoma – More serious,
characterized by: red, scaly, papules or nodules

65. Malignant Melanoma – Most serious
Characterized by: black or brown patches on the skin, that may appear uneven in texture, jagged or raised
Most commonly located on areas of the body not receiving regular sun exposure
Least common, but most serious
Important for cosmetologists to be able to recognize the appearance of serious disorders to better serve clients
Cosmetologist should not attempt to diagnose a skin disorder, but should sensitively suggest the client seek medical advise from a dermatologist

66. Moles A – Asymmetry B – Border C – Color D – Diameter E - Evolving

67. Acne & Problem Skin
Most people have skin care issues at some point in their lives
Acne is both a disorder an esthetics issue

68. Acne is a disorder affected by 2 major factors
Heredity
hormones
Retention Hyperkeratosis
Heredity tendency for acne-prone skin to retain dead skin cells in the follicle
Forming an obstruction
Exacerbates inflammatory acne lesions
Papules & Pustules

69. Skin oiliness is heredity Propionibacterium acnes are anaerobic
Bacteria that cannot survive in the presence oxygen
Main food source is fatty acids found in sebum

70. Bacteria flourish in clogged follicle
No oxygen
Plenty of food (sebum)
Bacteria multiply
Causing inflammation and swelling
Eventually rupture

71. Immune system is altered
Blood rushes to ruptured follicle with white blood cells to fight bacteria
Causes redness in pimples

72. Acne pustule is an inflammatory lesion resulting from wall rupture and infusion of blood
Pustule forms from papule when enough white blood cells form pus
Dead white blood cells

73. Acne Treatment Use cleaners formulated for oily skin
Follicle exfoliants - leave-on products to remove cell buildup
Allows oxygen in to kill bacteria
Avoid products that contain fatty materials
Noncomedogenic – designed and proven to not clog pores/follicles

74. Do not use harsh products – can cause inflammation and worsen condition
Trained salon and spa professionals can work over mild to moderate cases of acne – specialized education

75. Definitions Pertaining to Plastic Surgery
Rhytidectomy – face lift
Blepharoplasty – Eyelid surgery
Chemical Peeling – Specially formulated chemical solution is applied to the areas to be treated
A technique for improving the appearance when wrinkles of the skin are present.
The chemical causes a mild, controlled burn of the skin

76. Rhinoplasty – Plastic surgery of the nose Mentoplasty – Chin surgery
Dermabrasion – A technique to smooth scared skin by “sanding” irregularities
Performed with a rotary abrasive instrument that thins the skin, making the sharp edges of facial scars less prominent
Micro-dermabrasion – uses a diamond bit to “sand” off skin – “for younger looking skin”

77. Injectable fillers – tiny injections of collagen may used to raise depressions closer to normal skin level
Used for deep scars, acne scaring, deep aging lines around the mouth or forehead
Ex: Botox