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1 西方文明史 第十二講: 中古歐洲藝術 劉 慧 教授 【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 -非商業性-相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 -非商業性-相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版.

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Presentation on theme: "1 西方文明史 第十二講: 中古歐洲藝術 劉 慧 教授 【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 -非商業性-相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 -非商業性-相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 西方文明史 第十二講: 中古歐洲藝術 劉 慧 教授 【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 -非商業性-相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 -非商業性-相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版

2 2 1) The Parliamentary peerage – Dukes (1337 duke of Cornwall) – Earls (11 th c) and barons (11 th c; 1387) – Marquess (1385), viscount (1440) – 60-70 families 2) The gentry – Knights, esquires (14 th c), gentlemen (15 th c) – 9,000 families 3) Yeomen and the rest 1290s- new methods to recruit fighting men – Archer, infantry – Contract and salary; commission of array

3 3 Medieval Art ‘Renaissance’ Architecture/ sculpture/ (wall) painting/ tapestry/ book illumination 1.7-8 th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art 2.8-9 th c Carolingian minuscule 3.12-13 th c Romanesque and Gothic architecture 4.15 th c Oil painting

4 4 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)Raphael (1483-1520)

5 5 Michelangelo (1475-1564) Sistine Chapel

6 6 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519); Michelangelo (1475-1564); Raphael (1483-1520) Petrarch (1304-1374); Machiavelli (1469-1527) Shakespeare (1564-1616); Cervantes (1547-1616); Henry VIII and Elizabeth; François I; Isabella and Ferdinand the Duomo Florence Chambord

7 7 The Renaissances Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860): – individualism and modernity. personality, glory, self-fashioning BUT: – no ‘death’ of classical learning before – All Renaissance personalities and ‘humanists’ were Christians – ‘Renaissance’ thinkers and artists were enormously diverse – Society and culture had been increasingly worldly and materialistic since the 12 th c – ‘Re-birth’= self-perception of the Italian thinkers in the 14 and 15 th c: against the dominant French culture, esp. scholasticism and architecture

8 8 – Humanism Revival of Latin literature in the context of a rhetorical tradition (written communication, persuasion and entertainment; poems and letters) – In contrast with medieval scholasticism Human’s nobility and great potential for understanding – exercise of reason and self-control – But already most visible in the 12 th c R.W. Southern and ‘Scholastic Humanism’ – Logicians, lawyers, doctors, theologians etc. created a new intellectual world

9 9 1. ‘Early modern’ 2. The Italian Renaissance: literature and the arts from 1350 to 1550 3. Renaissances – Re-birth; renewal of classical learning – The Northumbrian Renaissance – The Carolingian Renaissance – The Ottonian Renaissance – The Twelfth-Century Renaissance 1927 Charles Homer Haskins Expansion of education and new intellectual approach Art and architecture, vernacular poetry on courtly love, transformations in attitudes to law, the emergence of a theological science, origins of the universities etc – The Renaissance 14-16 th c

10 10 Medieval Art Architecture/ sculpture/ (wall) painting/ tapestry/ book illumination 1.7-8 th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art 2.8-9 th c Carolingian minuscule 3.12-13 th c Romanesque and Gothic architecture 4.15 th c Oil painting

11 11 1. 7-8 th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art In principio erat Verbum et Verbum erat apud Deum et Deus The Lindisfarne Gospels: Gospel of St John the Evangelist, initial page. Lindisfarne, late 7th or early 8th century

12 12 A 15 th -c Book of Hours

13 13 2. 8-9 th c Carolingian art; the Carolingian minuscule Aix-la-Chapelle / Aachen

14 14 Carolingian The first line of the text reads: ‘O bona progenies quam terris contulit ille’ Merovingian The first line of the text reads: ‘qualitas astringit saepe namque alli suffi’.

15 15 Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini’s ‘Renaissance’ handwriting

16 16 3. Medieval Cathedrals Lincoln Cathedral note the black marble shafts

17 17 4. 15 th c: oil paint and other new techniques New techniques – Oil painting: from Flanders – Linear perspective – Chiaroscuro – Human Anatomy More nonreligious themes, appealing to the intellect or the eye Caravaggio (1571-1610), Supper at Emmaus(1602)

18 18 Material Artistic convention Raphael (1483-1520) Madonna della Sedia, c.1514 Jan van Eyck (1390-1444), The Virgin with Chancellor Rolin, c.1436

19 19 Architecture (1) Roman – the Pantheon – round arch; dome; barrel vault (2) Byzantine – the Hagia Sophia and St Marco – a dome on four pendentives (3) Western Europe – From Roman Basilica to the Cruciform church – Problem with the ceiling – 11 th c, 12 th c Romanesque, 13 th c- Gothic

20 20

21 21 (1) Roman – The Pantheon, 126 AD

22 22 (2) Byzantine – The Hagia Sophia

23 23

24 24 Pendentives Hagia Sophia – dome on four pendentives or four arches

25 25 (2) Byzantine – St Mark’s, Venice

26 26

27 27

28 28 (3) Western Europe – the Basilica; S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, c. 490

29 29 (3) Western Europe – the Basilica and Cruciform church

30 30 (3) Western Europe – the ceiling Barrel vaultRomanesque vault Gothic vault Ribbed vault

31 31 Saint-Sernin, Toulouse Barrel vaulting Amiens Cathedral Ribbed vaulting Bath Cathedral Fan vaulting

32 32

33 33 Clerestory windows/ triforium/ arcade or aisle windows

34 34 Medieval Architecture The Romanesque Style: round arch – Continuation – Heavy, solid, earthbound The Gothic Style: pointed arch, rib vault, flying buttress – a skeleton, stained glass windows – Lofty, delicate, reaching towards the heavens Later Middle Ages – Further elaboration of the Gothic style: more vertical and more decorative – Italy: Greco-Roman style, domes, round arches

35 35

36 36 版權聲明 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 3 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lady_and_the_unicorn_Desire.jpg) , 2012.07.03 visited.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lady_and_the_unicorn_Desire.jpg 3 Flickr / frozenchipmunk (http://www.flickr.com/photos/frozenchipmunk/6015737812/) , 2012.07.03 visited.http://www.flickr.com/photos/frozenchipmunk/6015737812/ 4 Flickr / JKleeman (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jkleeman/4129461743/) , 2012.07.03 visited.http://www.flickr.com/photos/jkleeman/4129461743/ 4 、 18 維基百科 (http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raffael_026.jpg) ,http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raffael_026.jpg 2012.07.03 visited. 5 Flickr / San Diego Shooter (http://www.flickr.com/photos/nathaninsandiego/6167932064/) , 2012.07.03 visited.http://www.flickr.com/photos/nathaninsandiego/6167932064/

37 37 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 5 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg) ,http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg 2012.07.03 visited. 6 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cupola_di_santa_maria_del_fiore_dal_campanile _di_giotto,_02.JPG) , 2012.07.03 visited.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cupola_di_santa_maria_del_fiore_dal_campanile _di_giotto,_02.JPG 6 Flickr / roger4336 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/24736216@N07/2791512412/) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://www.flickr.com/photos/24736216@N07/2791512412/ 11 British Library (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/hightours/lindgosp/large17328.html) ,http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/hightours/lindgosp/large17328.html 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 11 Luther College (http://faculty.luther.edu/~martinka/art43/daily/2nd/lind1.jpg) ,http://faculty.luther.edu/~martinka/art43/daily/2nd/lind1.jpg 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。

38 38 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 11 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardagh_chalice.jpg) ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardagh_chalice.jpg 2012.07.04 visited. 12 LecturaMedieval / LecturaMedieval (http://lecturamedieval.wikispaces.com/Tipos+de+textos-+Textos+Religiosos) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://lecturamedieval.wikispaces.com/Tipos+de+textos-+Textos+Religiosos 13 Flickr / DailyM = Differentieel + JeeeM (http://www.flickr.com/photos/dailym/2754761866/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/dailym/2754761866/ 2012.07.04 visited. 13 Flickr / jimforest (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimforest/6185040519/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimforest/6185040519/ 2012.07.04 visited. 13 Flickr / Jim Linwood (http://www.flickr.com/photos/brighton/4696678508/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/brighton/4696678508/ 2012.07.04 visited.

39 39 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 13 Ridgeaphistory / Ridgeaphistory (http://ridgeaphistory.wikispaces.com/Charlemagne+and+His+Relationship+With+ the+Catholic+Church) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://ridgeaphistory.wikispaces.com/Charlemagne+and+His+Relationship+With+ the+Catholic+Church 14 Catholic University of America (http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/ChurchHistory220/LectureTwo/IvreaCapBibl- Ifol53v.htm) , 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/ChurchHistory220/LectureTwo/IvreaCapBibl- Ifol53v.htm 14 、 15 The Library of the Medieval Institute (http://medieval.library.nd.edu/facsimiles/facsintro/mathscript.html) ,http://medieval.library.nd.edu/facsimiles/facsintro/mathscript.html 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 15 The Library of the Medieval Institute (http://medieval.library.nd.edu/facsimiles/laypi/prierscript.html) ,http://medieval.library.nd.edu/facsimiles/laypi/prierscript.html 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 16 Flickr / Brett Jordan (http://www.flickr.com/photos/x1brett/3846077503/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/x1brett/3846077503/ 2012.07.04 visited.

40 40 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 17 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masaccio._Trinity._Scheme_of_linear_pe rspective..jpg) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masaccio._Trinity._Scheme_of_linear_pe rspective..jpg 17 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caravaggio.emmaus.750pix.jpg) ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caravaggio.emmaus.750pix.jpg 2012.07.04 visited. 18 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_van_Eyck_070.jpg) ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_van_Eyck_070.jpg 2012.07.04 visited. 20 Flickr / TamasButi (http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamasbuti/4323409034/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamasbuti/4323409034/ 2012.04.19 visited. 20 Flickr / IceNineJon (http://www.flickr.com/photos/iceninejon/297118943/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/iceninejon/297118943/ 2012.07.04 visited.

41 41 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 20 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Paul-de-Mausole-2.jpg) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Paul-de-Mausole-2.jpg 21 Flickr / Breno Peck (http://www.flickr.com/photos/brenopeck/2802481087/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/brenopeck/2802481087/ 2012.07.04 visited. 21 Miss Szeto’s Transitional Social Studies / Lisa (http://szetotransromans2011.wikispaces.com/Temples) ,http://szetotransromans2011.wikispaces.com/Temples 2012.07.04 visited. 21 TravellerTribe / Traveller Tribe Italia (http://it.travellertribe.com/roma/2010/07/12/pantheon/) ,http://it.travellertribe.com/roma/2010/07/12/pantheon/ 2012.07.04 visited. 22 Flickr / emilstefanov (http://www.flickr.com/photos/emilstefanov/6819732841/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/emilstefanov/6819732841/ 2012.07.04 visited.

42 42 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 22 Flickr / archer10 (Dennis) (http://www.flickr.com/photos/archer10/2216460729/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/archer10/2216460729/ 2012.07.04 visited. 22 CrabberWorldHistory / CrabberWorldHistory (https://crabberworldhistory.wikispaces.com/Ancient+Rome) ,https://crabberworldhistory.wikispaces.com/Ancient+Rome 2012.07.04 visited. 23 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg) ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg 2012.07.04 visited. 23 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / Marsyas (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Constantinople_Hagia_Sophia.png) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Constantinople_Hagia_Sophia.png 23 Flickr / eleephotography (http://www.flickr.com/photos/47096398@N08/5864271993/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/47096398@N08/5864271993/ 2012.07.04 visited.

43 43 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 24 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pendentive_and_Dome.png) , 2012.07.06 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pendentive_and_Dome.png 24 University of Miami / School of Architect (http://intranet.arc.miami.edu/rjohn/ARC267_2006/Byzantine_2006.htm) , 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。http://intranet.arc.miami.edu/rjohn/ARC267_2006/Byzantine_2006.htm 25 Flickr / mikol_ice (http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikol_ice/1232877964/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikol_ice/1232877964/ 2012.07.04 visited. 25 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Italy-it.svg) ,http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Italy-it.svg 2012.07.04 visited. 26 Chest of Books / This illustration is from the“Illustrated Handbook of Architecture”book by James Fergusson , p.964 (http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/James-Fergusson/Illustrated-Handbook-of- Architecture---Christian-Architecture/797-S.jpg.html) ,http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/James-Fergusson/Illustrated-Handbook-of- Architecture---Christian-Architecture/797-S.jpg.html 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。

44 44 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 27 Florida Center for Instructional Technology / Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.) (New York: The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, 1910) 2:393 (http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/73400/73429/73429_st_marks.htm) ,http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/73400/73429/73429_st_marks.htm 2012.07.04 visited. 依據網站聲明以及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。網站聲明 27 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg) ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veneto_Venezia2_tango7174.jpg 2012.07.04 visited. 28 Flickr / RedGlow82 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/redglow/125635452/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/redglow/125635452/ 2012.07.04 visited. 28 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_S._Apollinaire_in_Classe_Ra venna1.jpg) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_S._Apollinaire_in_Classe_Ra venna1.jpg 28 University of Miami/ School of Creative Art (http://arts.muohio.edu/faculty/benson/ecbasoutsiderome/classe.htm) ,http://arts.muohio.edu/faculty/benson/ecbasoutsiderome/classe.htm 2012.07.04 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。

45 45 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 29 Florida Center for Instructional Technology / Source: A. Rosengarten, W. Collett-Sandars A Handbook of Architectural Styles (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895) 167(http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/61000/61037/61037_old_st_peter.htm) ,http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/61000/61037/61037_old_st_peter.htm 2012.07.04 visited. 依據網站聲明以及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。網站聲明 29 、 32 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Layout_plan_of_All_Saints%27_Church,_Newch urch.gif) , 2012.07.04 visited.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Layout_plan_of_All_Saints%27_Church,_Newch urch.gif 29 Florida Center for Instructional Technology / Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.) (New York: The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, 1910) 2:403(http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/73400/73433/73433_salisbury.htm) ,http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/73400/73433/73433_salisbury.htm 2012.07.04 visited. 依據網站聲明以及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。網站聲明 30 Florida Center for Instructional Technology / Source: A. Rosengarten, W. Collett-Sandars A Handbook of Architectural Styles (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895) 180 (http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/61000/61058/61058_barrel_vault.htm) ,http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/61000/61058/61058_barrel_vault.htm 2012.07.04 visited. 依據網站聲明以及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。網站聲明 30 Florida Center for Instructional Technology / Source: Hamlin, A. D. F. College Histories of Art History of Architecture (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1915) 189 (http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/58300/58328/58328_english_ribb.htm) ,http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/58300/58328/58328_english_ribb.htm 2012.07.04 visited. 依據網站聲明以及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。網站聲明

46 46 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 30 Florida Center for Instructional Technology / Source: Hamlin, A. D. F. College Histories of Art History of Architecture (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1915) 82(http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/58000/58097/58097_barrel_vault.htm)http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/58000/58097/58097_barrel_vault.htm 2012.07.04 visited. 依據網站聲明以及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。網站聲明 30 Studydroid / Studydroid:vro (http://studydroid.com/index.php?page=viewPack&packId=97105) ,http://studydroid.com/index.php?page=viewPack&packId=97105 2012.07.04 visited. 30 Flickr / v1ctory_1s_m1ne (http://www.flickr.com/photos/v1ctory_1s_m1ne/368373875/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/v1ctory_1s_m1ne/368373875/ 2012.07.05 visited. 30 國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。 31 Flickr / Martin Cathrae (http://www.flickr.com/photos/suckamc/5220136959/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/suckamc/5220136959/ 2012.07.05 visited.

47 47 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 31 Flickr / elisala (http://www.flickr.com/photos/elisala/7139945543/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/elisala/7139945543/ 2012.07.05 visited. 31 Flickr / 1hr photo (http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinpalmer/6691767789/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinpalmer/6691767789/ 2012.07.05 visited. 31 Flickr / mnbf9rca (http://www.flickr.com/photos/mnbf9rca/4219127908/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/mnbf9rca/4219127908/ 2012.07.05 visited. 32 Flickr / ☺ Lee J Haywood (http://www.flickr.com/photos/leehaywood/4238572116/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/leehaywood/4238572116/ 2012.07.05 visited. 33 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lincoln_cathedral_11_Nave_arcade.jpg) , 2012.07.05 visited.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lincoln_cathedral_11_Nave_arcade.jpg

48 48 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 33 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / Derek Harper (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buttresses,_Exeter_Cathedral_- _geograph.org.uk_-_654755.jpg) , 2012.07.05 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buttresses,_Exeter_Cathedral_- _geograph.org.uk_-_654755.jpg 33 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buttress_(PSF).jpg) ,http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buttress_(PSF).jpg 2012.07.05 visited. 34 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / R. Engelhardt (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2008-12-27_Altenbeken_5.JPG) , 2012.07.05 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2008-12-27_Altenbeken_5.JPG 34 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS/ Colin Smith (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:South_Door,_Ewhurst_Parish_Church_- _geograph.org.uk_-_535200.jpg) , 2012.07.05 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:South_Door,_Ewhurst_Parish_Church_- _geograph.org.uk_-_535200.jpg 34 Flickr / Don Johnson 395 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/donjohnson395/4584856713/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/donjohnson395/4584856713/ 2012.07.05 visited.

49 49 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 35 WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coupe.voutes.cathedrale.Paris.png) , 2012.07.05 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coupe.voutes.cathedrale.Paris.png 35 Flickr / Sean Munson (http://www.flickr.com/photos/logicalrealist/6777412872/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/logicalrealist/6777412872/ 2012.07.05 visited. 35 Flickr / Sean_Marshall (http://www.flickr.com/photos/7119320@N05/5374617696/) ,http://www.flickr.com/photos/7119320@N05/5374617696/ 2012.07.05 visited.


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