1. DNA/Genetics Study Guide Chapter 16- Section 1

2. Asexual reproduction is when a single parent Has offspring identical to the parent Three types of asexual reproduction are Budding Fragmentation Regeneration Sexual reproduction is when offspring are formed when Genetic information from more than 1 parent combines

3. Chapter 16- Section 1 Female parent produces sex cells called eggs The male parent produces sex cells called sperm A zygote is the first cell after fertilization Human body cells have 46 chromosomes Meiosis is The division of 1 cell (46 chromosomes) into 4 cells (23 chromosomes)

4. Chapter 16- Section 1 In humans, meiosis is the division of one cell (46 chromosomes) into four cells that have 23 chromosomes each Genetics information is found in genes Genes are located On chromosomes During fertilization, the egg and sperm Each contribute chromosomes to the zygote

5. Chapter 16- Section 1 External fertilization is When sperm fertilized the eggs outside of the female body An example of external fertilization is Clown fish, frogs Internal fertilization is Sperm & egg join inside the female body An example of internal fertilization is Most mammals

6. Chapter 16- Section 1 All mammals reproduce sexually or asexually? EXPLAIN: Monotreme: lays eggs/hatch Marsupial: birth to partially developed live young Placental mammal: birth to developed live young

7. DNA/Genetics Study Guide Chapter 16- Section 2

8. Pollination happens when Pollen is moved from the anthers to the stigmas Pollen contains sperm Explain how fertilization occurs in flowering plants…After the pollen lands on the stigma A tube grows from each pollen grain

9. Chapter 16- Section 2

10. Another word for dormant is Inactive Seeds need water, air, and warm temperature to sprout Three structures that asexual plants use are Plantlets Tubers Runners

11. DNA/Genetics Study Guide DNA/Genetics Packet

12. Another name for trait would be Physical characteristics Name two traits that giraffes have Colors / patterns / long necks / long legs Define gene A section of DNA on a chromosome that controls a trait T / F No two living things that are produced by sexual reproduction-except identical twins- have exactly the same genes

13. DNA/Genetics Packet What are some traits that make you unique Hair color, eye color, straight/curly hair, ear lobes, height, blood type Who is credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA James Watson and Francis Crick The ladder of DNA is made of bases. These 4 bases are represented by the letters: A, T, G, and C

14. DNA/Genetics Packet Which bases fit together A and T fit together G and C fit together The difference in the sequences of base pairs in the genes allow The genes to give the cell an almost endless set of instructions for controlling all the characteristics of an individual

15. DNA/Genetics Packet Why is the information coded in the DNA of a giraffe so different from the information in your cells It’s different because the way in which the base pairs are arranged on the rungs of the DNA ladder is different in a giraffe than it is in your body cells

16. DNA / Genetics Packet

18. How do organisms inherit traits? From parents to offspring Zygote 23 chromosomes and 23 chromosomes from the mother The appearance of each child in the family results from the specific combination of genes Pink snapdragons Roan calves Completely hiding the effect of another gene Capital letters A gene whose effect is hidden by another gene Lower case letter

19. No title! Purebred Hybrid Widow’s peak, rolling tongue Freckles, red hair Mutation Albino

20. Sexual Determination X and Y X X or Y Y-carrying Boy- XY X-carrying Girl-XX X chromosomes Equal Y chromosomes Half Boys girls

21. Stem cell Protozoa and bacteria Design and function Tissues Organs and systems Cells that continually reproduce themselves Marrow Blood, skin and other organs Adult stem cells They can be found in a cluster called blastocyst which is a developing human embryo

22. Why are scientists interested in stem cells Leukemia, lymphoma Healthy stem cells Either a patient or a donor Multiply and divide Healthy, disease-free Blood and immune Stem cells Treat and cure Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer

23. Embryonic stem cells help sick and injured? Because they are so flexible- they can effectively replace the damaged cells that cause many diseases and injury

24. Where do we get stem cells for research and medical use? Umbilical cord Person’s body A microscopic, early embryo Fertility treatments Nucleus Unfertilized Divide and multiply blastocyst Somatic cell nuclear transfer

25. Why are stem cells in the news so much? Because the cells come from a microscopic human embryo, which is destroyed when the stem cells are extracted

26. How could stem cells cure disease? Heart Left with scar tissue on the heart and often face long term health problems Produce new heart muscle cells. These are transplanted into the scarred area of the heart and regenerate damaged heart tissue

27. Solutions? Produce new insulin producing cells. These cells would be transplanted into the patient where they would produce insulin inside the body