1. EGG

2. EGG STRUCTURE & COMPOSITION
Egg yolk
Albumen (white egg)
Shell membrane
Egg Shell

3. Egg Yolk (31%):
Latebra : The junction between discus germinal disk with egg yolk
Germinal Disk: Blastoderm stage of ovum cell
Concentric Ring of egg yolk
Vetelinne membrane : transparent membrane around egg yolk

4. Albumen (58%):
Chalazae (3% of albumen): smooth thin layer that conjunction with egg yolk and chalazae,
Inner thin layer (21% of albumen)
Solid and thick of white egg (55%)
Outer thin layer, conjunction with egg membrane shell

5. Egg Shell Mebrane : Fibrous & harsh
Compose of protein that similar as well as hair or feather
Consisted of :
- Inner shell membrane
- Outer shell membrane
Inner shell is thin down than
outer shell

6. Egg shell (11%):
1.Hard, to coverage the content of egg and to protect the embryo from physical & chemicals defect
2.Containing cuticle:
- thickness : 10 – 30 micro meter
- inhibit of microorganism penetration
from the pore
- to protect infiltration of other agent
from outer egg shell.

7. Egg shell (11%):
3. The pores content be variant : around /egg, these function include:
- respiratory: the embryo may breathe
during incubation process
- evaporate process
- infiltration of outer liquor
- the tickness depend on genetic factor,
environment, temperature and diseases.
4. Pigment shell found in spongy layer
5. It consisted of: 94% Potassium Carbonate, 1% Magnesium Carbonate, 1% Calcium Phosphate, other organic component 4%

8. Egg Composition

10. Chemical Composition :%
Moisture
Protein
Fat
Ash
Egg
100
65,5
11,8
11,0
11,7
Albumine 58 88
0,2
0,8
Egg Yolk 31 48
17,5
32,5
2,0
Egg Shell 11
1,6
3,3
0,03

11. Composition of Egg yolk
Protein of egg yolk :
- ovovetelin : 2,4 gr (75%) as phosphoprotein / protein containing P
- ovolivetin : 0,7 gr (25%), sulfur content is high
Egg yolk : Glyceride
- Lecithin
- Cholesterol
* Pigment of egg yolk : Xantophyle

12. Composition of albumen
Protein :
- Ovo albumen: 75%
- Ovoconalbumen : 3%
- Ovoglobulin: 2%
- Ovo mucoid
- Ovomucin
Vitamin : riboflavin/ slightly green

13. Composition of Eggshell
Consisted of: Shell dan shell membrane
Outer layer: cuticle
Protein : collagen/ similarly with bone protein and cartilage
Ca CO3 : 94%
Mg CO3 : 1%
Ca PO4 : 1%
Organic matter : 4 %
shell Membrane :
- 4-5 % of the weight of egg shell
- containing: protein, water & mineral
- Protein : ovocreatine, with sulfur content about 1,5 – 3 kali higher than sulfur content in albumen

14. Composition of Water Fowl Egg
Duck, Goose, Manila Duck (Entok)
Moisture content slightly lower
Fat content is higher
Ducks need slightly higher temperature for embryo development

15. Handling of Egg Select the consumption egg and fertile egg
- temperature > 26,7°C.
The develop embryo blood spot vascular system as bee nest form (Hacch spot)  its not consumable.
- If the temperature is not stable, the embryo will be death because of contamination
* Dirty egg: wash with warm water 43-51,7°C, dried as soon as possible, water should free from Fe (max :3 ppm)

16. Damage Egg 1. Reduce of weight of egg: - evaporation - Size of air sac
- Temperature & humidity during storage
frozen  evaporate
penetration of microorganism
ventilation
porosity of egg shell (evaporation,
contamination of m.o.)

17. 2. Pengenceran
- Putih telur tebal turun : serat gliko protein ovomucin
pecah
- Ukuran yolk bertambah : perpindahan air, krn tekanan
osmose
3. Kehilangan CO2
4. Turunnya Berat jenis telur : air cell bertambah
5. Kenaikan PH
- Baru : 7,6 – 8,2
- Lama : naik, krn kehilangan CO2 (=
peningkatan konsentrasi ion Hidrogen)
- CO2 cenderung membentuk keseimbangan antara konsentrasi dalam telur dengan udara sekitarnya)
6. Dekomposisi bakterial : Naik , bila lembab dan temperatur tinggi
Pseudomonas : bau busuk, pigmen yg menyebar melalui albumen

18. HATCHERY EQUIPMENT: Incubator
Setter = Incubator that useful for 17 days incubation
Hatcher = Incubator that useful for 17-21days incubation
Regulator : Adjustable temperature

19. Hatchery term:
Fertile Egg: egg belong to matting hen & by 21 days incubation process, it be hatch to d.o.c
Fertile Egg: blastula egg, it means when ova position the egg in blastoderm stage.
Fertile Egg: egg belong to matting hen with cockerel around 30 hours before (fertility Max : 2-6 days after matting), spermatozoa be able to life in oviduct up to days  6-10 days after matting, the eggs still fertile
Infertile Egg: consumption egg, egg belong to unmating hen.

20. Hatchery term: Fertility Hatchability
Mortality during hatchery process
Candling : observation of egg on 6-7 days and days to observe the embryo condition
Egg Index: length/wide X 100%

21. HATCHERING:- Natural - Artificial
Hatchering Process :
1. Settering
2. Hatchering
Successfull hatchering proccess depend on:
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Sanitation
- Ventilation
- Controlling

22. Hatchery Process Collecting eggs - selection of eggs
- Fumigation : to protect invasion of
m.o.
- Fumigation material : Formalin 40 %, Potassium Permanganat ( per 100 cubic : 35 cc formalin & 17,5 gr KMnO4)

23. - Cool room for temporary storage (3 days)
2. Holding Room
- Cool room for temporary storage (3 days)
- Temperature 18°C, humidity 80%
- If too longer storage: temperature 15° C,
to inhibit metabolism process in egg
- Reducing hatchability 1% /day (3 -10
day), after 10 days, hatchability reduce up
to 3%/day.
- Turning to 45°/twice daily

24. Adaptation Room: to prevent embryo from shock condition
3. Pre heat
Adaptation Room: to prevent embryo from shock condition
Approximately 6 hrs in room temperature

25. 4. Setter: - Duration length : 18 days - Temperature 97° – 99° F
- Take parallel places with 45° angle
- humidity: 86 %
- low humidity (82-85%) : crawl feather
- high humidity(87-88%) : difficulty to hatch,
because of linkage mucous
- Turning egg : automatically, every 1 hrs, to keep
embryo develop completely.
- Provide air fan with rating: rpm (to distribute the warm air

26. Moving from setter stage to hatchery incubator
5. Transfer
Moving from setter stage to hatchery incubator
Candling of egg with TL 40 Watt lamp
Infertile egg (clear chick), take out from incubator
When transfer of fertile eggs, hatchery room must be fumigated with KMnO4 (triple doses)

27. Fumigation every day with double doses
6. Hatchering
3 days (days 19th-21th hari)
Fumigation every day with double doses
Increasing humidity of hatchery room by 0,2° F
Coloring (Blower) : by formalin 200cc and add some water 400° cc  brawniest on d.o. and it keep up to 5-7 days

28. 7. Pool Chick DOC (Day Old Chick) do to: - sexing - De beaking
- Marek Vaccination (layer) sub cutanaeus
around cervical area
- Selection : take out  abnormally form of beak, blindness, smooth & smaller wing, crawl feather, botak, un symmetric legs, dried leg, omphalitis, wet feather)
- The good quality of d.o.c. were placed in cartoon then ready for market.

29. Importance Factors during Hatchery
Temperature : high  death embryo
Humidity :
- Low : dehydration  too dried 
death embryo/ light weight of d.o.c
- High : to prevent linkage water, reduce
hatchability
Ventilation:
- Embryo need O2 & produce CO2
- Embryo sensitive to CO2 excess

30. Wider of Air Sacc/Air cell on candling days 7th, 14th & 18th

31. Candling of Eggs

32. Dimulai sejak fertilisasi  sel mengalami pembelahan terus berlangsung bila suhu >82 F
Blastoderm menyebar pada permukaan yolk
Sel I menyusun lap ektoderm
Mengalami invagination dengan arah ke bawah  membentuk lap entoderm
Antara ekso derm dan entoderm terdapat mesoderm

33. Development of Chicken Embryo during Hatchery Process
Ectoderm  skin, beak, feather, nail, nervous system, mouth line, vent
Mesoderm  muscles, skeletal, blood, excretory organ & Reproduction
Entoderm  respiratory tract, secretary organ & digestive tract.

34. Day 1st
After 3 hrs  primitive streak  faster development  avoid new organ
Hours 16th-24th : defferentiation of head and to create foregut
Composing a few blood streams
Composing neural fold (in head) neural grove  caecum

35. Days 2nd Anterior brain
Hours 44th : formality of hearth and activated it
Blood system:
1. For embryo body
2. For vitelline, pass from the hearth to:
- embryonic secretory cell
- yolk Sacc : yolk folder, source of nutrient
- Amnion (days 2nd&3rd) containing amnion liquor, surrounding embryo  covered
- Allantoin
- Serosa : terbentuk pada waktu yg sama gn amnionskt ekstra embrionic membran & menempel membran sel akhirnya berfusi dengan allantois.

36. Day 4 Complete organ of embryo performed & to develop
Embryo form be appearance & it different with mammalian
Allantoids be developed surrounding egg content and to be performed as chorionic
Allenton capillary connected with cell membrane & the Allenton for breathing function and as an embryo excretory.
Allenton circulation : as a vehicle of nutrient from albumen & Ca for embryo skin  all bone embryo
Development of leg and wing, a part of body, tail starting appearance, brain has covered, development of spinals nerve up to the spinal root, optical lens & hole of ear apparently.

37. Day 6-18 Day 6 : Wing & leg appearance
Day 8 &9 : feather seed has performed
Day 13 : embryo color performed
Day 16: the beak, toes performed
Feed supplay from albumen finished  then be continued from egg yolk

38. Day 19 Egg yolk enter to the body The beak attached to the air sac
Functioning of lungs
Embryo position: the head under the right wing facing to the air sac
The legs position fold to the head position (the head in between of two legs)
Mandible going to bones for making piping.
Neck muscle growth faster & strengthen for energy supporting.
Allenton was not function any more  cell function. Dried, any blood stream attached to the egg cell.

39. Day 20 – hatchery process
Day 20 : piping of egg shell
Day 21 : hact.

40. Development of Chicken Embryo during Hatchery Process

41. Development of Chicken Embryo during Hatchery Process