1. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 1 INCINERATION a CRUCIAL STEP in WASTE RECOVERY

2. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 2 Waste = problem NUISANCE resources lWaste = NUISANCE + resources  NUISANCES Bulky Disagreeable (visual, olfactory, …) Health risks (epidemic)Health risks (epidemic) Environmental RiskEnvironmental Risk  Resources Energy Materials lWaste Policy : share out the money available as well as possible in order to  REDUCE PRODUCTION  MINIMISE POLLUTION potential  OPTIMISE RECOVERY

3. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 3 Incineration  Nuisance abatement lVolume REDUCTION from 10 to 1 : and even from 100 to 1 :1 FlueGas Cleaning Residues Flue Gas Cleaning Residues 100 waste 10 Bottom ashes Historical goal

4. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 4 Incineration  Nuisance abatement lPut an end to unpleasantness  Abatement of olfactory & Nuisances visual Historical goal

5. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 5 Incineration  Nuisance abatement Hygiene  Destruction of biological pollutants Viruses Microbes Bacteria Prions … MAJOR BENEFIT Historical goal

6. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 6 Incineration  Nuisance abatement lHealth and Environment  Concentration and capturing of chemical pollutants Fine particles Heavy Metals Dioxins …  No accumulation of pollution for future generations Modern goal (80’s)

7. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 7 Incineration  Nuisance abatement lProtection of the Planet  Reduction of the greenhouse effectIncinerationIncineration Modern goal (90’s)

8. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 8 Incineration  Recovery lRecovery of Materials  Ferrous (incineration : greatest source of scrap iron from waste)  Non ferrous (Al, Cu)  Inert materials Today : road construction Tomorrow : concrete … Modern goal (70-90’s)

9. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 9 Incineration  Recovery lGeneration of energy + Economy of financial resources + Economy of the planet’s resources + Pollution avoided (greenhouse effect, SOx, …) Modern goal (70-90’s)

10. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 10 Waste = Pollutants  Maximum surveillance stricter and stricter legislation  stricter and stricter legislation  one of the  cleanest activities   one of the  cleanest activities Emissions : calories of such low toxicity National Legislation EC Directives 8-1989 National Legislation EC Directive 12-2000

11. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 11 10 MW Boiler 10 MW - Waste is cleaner than fossil fuels Waste Coal Oil Gas Dust 2 nd 4 th 3 rd 1 st CO 2 nd 4 th 3 rd 1 st Acids 2 nd 3 rd 3 rd 1 st Metals 3 rd 2 nd 4 th 1 st Dioxins 4 th 3 rd 2 nd 1 st 3 Oil 4 Coal 2 Waste 1 Gas

12. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 12 Dioxins : public subject

13. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 13 Dioxins : Recognised as solved by the European Commission 0,1 ng/Nm 3  « Negligible risk » “… providing that this legislation is enforced by Member States, a high level of protection will be ensured.” l0,1 ng/Nm 3 : can easily be achieved continuously in incineration plants “ From a purely technical point of view, dioxin emissions from some processes, such as waste incineration, can be better controlled than emissions from other processes.” Quotations taken from the Answer given by Mrs. Wallström on behalf of the Commission (12 July 2002) to a WRITTEN QUESTION (E-1585/02, 04.06.2002) to the Commission by Caroline Jackson (PPE-DE) Technically solved Health Impact Studies Incineration : ELV Other industrial sectors : BAT

14. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 14 “According to the ‘European Dioxin Emission Inventory, Stage II’ (Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, December 2000), funded by the Commission, incineration of municipal solid wastes has experienced a rapid decrease of dioxin and furan emissions to air during the last decade due to efficient abatement measures : Dioxins : rapid decrease, efficient abatement dioxin emission levels in 2000 have decreased by 58 % compared to the levels in 1995 and they foresee a decrease of 81% comparing the levels of 1995 to 2005” Mrs. Wallström 2006 1999 1997 1998 500 g/an 300 g/an 5 g/an 200 160 2000 France

15. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 15 Main concern : Uncontrolled burning industrial sources 90% reduction “For the industrial sources a considerable emission reduction has been achieved (based on current trends and activities it is foreseen that the target set in the 5 th Environment Action Programme of a 90% reduction will be nearly realised in 2005 compared to the levels in 1985). non-industrial sources much lower But, for the non-industrial sources (domestic solid fuel burning, domestic waste burning, fires, etc.) the rate of emission reduction is much lower. The relation between industrial and non-industrial sources is shifting towards growing importance of non-industrial sources” Mrs. Wallström on behalf of the Commission

16. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source Dioxins - miscellaneous sources lCombustion when Cl is present  Existed at all times (ice North Pole 8.000 years) lDomestic  Backyard burning  Ditch fires, … lUnauthorized  Tyres, …  Animal carcass Pyres! Incomplete combustion ! Low temperatures ! In the de novo synthesis windows, 250 to 400 °C !

17. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 17 CO 2 from biomass = 0 Fossil C remains sequestered CH 4 avoided : Greenhouse effect < 0 W I N Greenhouse effect : win on all sides 5 to 10 Mt eqCO 2 /yr in France

18. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 18 All Types of Impact Studies

19. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 19 Energy : consume in moderation Finite reserves : lmaxi : 3.000 Gbl lmini : 1.700 Gbl  Of which 800 Gbl already consumed [1 Gbl = 1 Giga baril = 10 9 baril (of oil)]

20. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source Energy : until when can we deplete resources? 2050 - 2150 : Drying up of the planet’s energy

21. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source Energy : “The parents drink … … the children pay” The generations which will suffer the results of our actions will still have Our portraits Hanging above the fireplace

22. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 22 Self sustaining combustion lWhat quantity of energy is needed to burn 1 ton of household waste ? lMost people think a lot lWhat about you ?

23. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 23 A final (?) renewable energy 1 tonne of Waste Gas oil : 220 l Gas oil : 200 l If : 1 tonne of sorting residue

24. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 24 Energy-from-Waste : a significant source lPetrol consumption of France : 90 Mtoe (M tonne of oil equivalent) lEnergy recovery 1 Mtoe  Today 1 Mtoe :1 % 5 Mtoe  Tomorrow 5 Mtoe :6 % 6 % of the planet’s resources saved 6 % of the planet’s resources saved 6 % of the petrol bill bill €

25. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 25 What importance amongst renewable energies ? Mtoe  Hydroelectricity11  Wood 8  Waste1  5 ?  Waste 1  5 ?  Heat pumps 1  Geothermal 0,4  Solar, wind, waves 0,05  TOTAL 21,5  Summer / winter (daylight saving) 0,3

26. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 26 So, should we burn everything ? lBurn everything ?Certainly NOT ! lBURN WHAT THEN ?  Give priority to a better use of waste when possible: Reuse Material and organic recycling Landfill  The rest to Energy recovery : 60 % à 75 %} 25 % à 40 %

27. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 27 Thermal Treatment : a 2 nd opportunity to recover Thermal treatment is best suited to that which remains after other treatments (the part which contains the majority of the pollutants) It recovers the RESIDUES and NON-RECYCLABLE part from sorting 2 nd service

28. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 28 The WAR between treatment OPTIONS has no reason to exist lToday all are convinced that : the OPTIONS are COMPLEMENTARY and not competitive => FLEXIBILITY (MULTIPLE OPTIONS) lDistributed according to ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMISATION

29. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 29 lThis is THE question of the moment lOptimal ‘environmental et economic’ depends on COMPLETE ECO-ASSESSMENTS lThese indispensable tools for use in decision-making are conspicuous in their absence lPublic authorities must urgently develop them How to optimise ?  today  when ? To Optimise  To Maximise

30. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 30 Current affairs : When the EU meddles ! EU since 1996 : RECOVERY  DISPOSAL ! lCourt Decision EU 2/2003 based on the Primary Objective !  Cement Kiln for cement  Recovery  Municipal Waste Incinerator  NO  Recovery ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! lDiverges from Incineration Directive which requires recovery if incineration takes places lLooking for an ON/OFF border ‘test’ for trans-frontier transfers of waste : this system does not offer env. protection ! IGNORANCE of the TECHNIQUE and PRECONCEIVED IDEAS ! !! ! ! !

31. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 31 Clarify the notion of RECOVERY RECOVERY  DISPOSAL l3 levels in the EU texts  INTENTION to Recover (collected for sending to a sorting centre)  EFFECTIVE RECOVERY (OUT / IN ratio)  ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY  ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY (integrated, multiple parameters) lRECOVERY based on the RESULT and not on the intention lRECOVERY not on an ON/OFF basis, but in %age lRECOVERY should be judged on the whole chain and not on only one link (e.g.: sorting alone)

32. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 32 Further explanations ?

33. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 33 Questions ?

34. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 34 Déchets en France lMUNICIPAUX 50 Mt/an  O.M. et assimilés ( en 2000 ) 27  Autres déchets municipaux 23 des ménages : dangereux, verts, inertes de voirie et assainissement lDIB, DASRI, Automobile113 lDIS 7 lAgricoles, Industriels dits inertes480 lTOTAL650 Mt/an

35. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 35 OM en Europe lFrance : OM et assimilés (en 2000) 27 Mt/an  i.e. 440 kg/an.hab lUE : 165 Mt/an  Allemagne 41 Mt/an, GB 27 Mt/an, Italie 25 Mt/an, … lMais évaluation approx.  déf. des catégories différentes selon pays et Même à l’intérieur du même pays

36. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 36 Filières de traitement des OM et assimilés lFranceO.M. strictes O.M. & traités avec (22,6 Mt/an)(45,3 Mt/an)  Décharge 47 % 56 %  Incinération 44 % 27 % avec ValEne 24 %avec ValEne 24 % sans ValEne 3 %sans ValEne 3 %  Recyclage mat. …11 %  Trait. Bio. 8 % 9 %

37. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 37 Incinérateurs lNombre  France 123 ( en 1/2003)  Allemagne 61  Danemark 34  Italie 32  Suède 22  Pays-bas 11

38. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 38 Capacités lFrance (2003) > 6 t/h80 < 6 t/h, conformesArrêté 9143 < 6 t/h, non conformes 0 Capacité totale stable Évolution du parc français Capacité totale stable 300 usines en 1996 250 en 1998 123 en 1/2003 Tendance :  PETITS fours « artisanaux » et polluants FERMÉS  DAVANTAGE de GRANDS fours « industriels » à IMPACT NEGLIGEABLE ! AMALGAME !

39. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 39 Plages de capacité lTonnage  Grandes :12 à 30 t/h Maxi 50 t/h (Ivry 2 x 50 t/h)  Moyennes : 6 à 12 t/h env.  Petites : 2,5 à 6 < 2,5 t/h : plus industriel lPCI  1.400 à 3000 kcal/kg  Typiquement :1800 – 2000 (O.M. brutes), 2200 – 2400 (O.M. triées)

40. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 40 Très nombreux acteurs lMO ( Maîtres d’Ouvrage )  Communes, Syndicats, C. G al, C. R al  Elus et Fonctionnaires lmo ( Maîtres d’Œuvre ) et AMO ( Assistants MO )  BE (Bureaux d’études) lServices de l’Etat lLégislateurs (N al, UE) lExploitants ( parfois DSP, i.e. délégataires ) lConstructeurs lPublic, vecteurs d’opinion, associatifs COMPLEXE : Processus décisionnaire très long !

41. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 41 Entreprises lFNADE (Fédération Nationale des Activités de Dépollution et de l’Environnement)  7 Syndicats Constructeurs Exploitants Services  280 entreprises privées  37.000 salariés  CA : 6 milliards €  Membre de FEAD (UE) l Hubert de Chefdebien  A, SNIDE (Constr.), SVDU (Expl.), FNADE, FEAD

42. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 42 Diagramme de Grille 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 567891012 DEBIT DE DECHETS, t/h CHALEUR BRUTE, Gcal/h 10 t/h 23 Gcal/h 3.000 kcal/kg 12.560 kJ/kg POINT NOMINAL 1.400 kcal/kg 5.861 kJ/kg 2.200 kcal/kg 9.211 kJ/kg (1 kcal = 4,1868 kJ 1 Gcal = 10 9 cal)

43. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 43 Evolution de la réglementation

44. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 44 Greenhouse effect : and one ! 75% of the Carbon in waste = biomass Combustion of biomass : No increase of the greenhouse effect Combustion of biomass : No increase of the greenhouse effect SHORT CYCLE of C : ~ 1 to 100 years Decomposition or combustion

45. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 45 Greenhouse effect : and two ! Combustion of waste  C  CO 2 Fermentation of waste  C  CH 4 Greenhouse effect (mass, 50 yrs) 1 CH 4 ~ 60 CO 2 Greenhouse effect (mass, 50 yrs) 1 CH 4 ~ 60 CO 2 CH 4 avoided : negative contribution To greenhouse effect CH 4 avoided : negative contribution To greenhouse effect Combustion : 1 C  1 eq. CO 2 Fermentation avec récup. biogaz :1 C  2,8 eq. CO 2 sans récup. biogaz : 1 C  5,2 eq. CO 2 Combustion : 1 C  1 eq. CO 2 Fermentation avec récup. biogaz :1 C  2,8 eq. CO 2 sans récup. biogaz : 1 C  5,2 eq. CO 2

46. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 46 Greenhouse effect : and three ! Fossil carbon remains sequestered : No growth of the greenhouse effect Fossil carbon remains sequestered : No growth of the greenhouse effect Recovery of energy-from-waste = economy in fossil fuels Very LONG CYCLE from C : > 1.000.000 yrs C. Fossil 30 10 6 yrs

47. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 47 Inventaire par secteur : qq. métaux et POP caractéristiques Corinair 1990, France ( avant traitement des fumées ) As Cr Hg Pb ZnHAP Cd CuNi Se Diox 100 % émissions France 1,8% 0,5%49%1,4% 11,8%0,14% 23% 5,8%0,6% 0,4% 30% 23% 5,8%0,6% 0,4% 30% Trait. thermique des déchets Poussières (1994) 3,5 % des poussières Tr. therm. déchets : 3,5 % des poussières Métaux POP

48. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 48 Inventaire par secteur : contribution modeste Corinair 1990, France ( avant traitement des fumées ) 3,5 % des acides Tr. therm. déchets : 40 % du HCl 1990, i.e. 3,5 % des acides 20 à 100 fois moins Aujourd'hui : TF  20 à 100 fois moins de HCl Gaz acides SO 2 COV CO N 2 O NOxCH 4 CO 2 NH 3 1,5%0,3% 2,1%0,04% 1,5%0,4% 2,1% 0,0% Trait. thermique des déchets 100 % émissions France

49. Hubert de Chefdebien, 22/04/2015 11:31 FEAD seminar in Ecotech 2003, Amsterdam, 14 May 2003 : ENERGY-FROM-WASTE, A Secure and Sustainable Energy Source 49 Example of NOx catalytic converter with without 2,5 g NO x /km 0,4 g NO x /km 1 ton / yr 2200 g NO x / yr 2200 g NO x / 900 km 2200 g NO x / 5500 km burnt q = 1 q = 22 q = 3,6 20.000 km / yr