1. LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY

2. READINGS Smith, Democracy, chs. 9-10 Modern Latin America, ch. 4 (Central America) CR #2: Smith, “The People’s Verdict” NB: Optional paper due May 25

3. OUTLINE Social Equity –Workers –Women –Indigenous Peoples Illiberal Democracy –Press Freedom –Citizen Rights

4. Table 9-1. Employment and Wages in Latin America, 1980-1999 1980 1990 1995 1999 Unemployment (%) 6.7 8.0 7.2 8.8 Real Wages (1980=100) 100.0 86.6 92.4 102.9 Real Minimum Wage (1980 = 100) 100.0 68.4 70.8 73.8

5. Table 9-2. Women in Latin American Legislatures, 1990 and 2000 ______Women (as % total)*_____ Country__________1990______2000___ Argentina 5 27 Bolivia 9 12 Brazil 5 6 Chile 6 11 Colombia 9 12 Costa Rica 12 19 Dominican Republic 12 16 Ecuador 7 15 El Salvador -- 10 Guatemala 7 9 Honduras -- 9 Mexico 12 16 Nicaragua 19 10 Panama 8 10 Paraguay 4 3 Peru 6 20 Uruguay 6 12 Venezuela 10 10

6. Women Presidents Generation I: Widows –Isabel Martínez de Perón (Argentina) –Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (Nicaragua) –Mireya Moscoso (Panama) Generation II: Self-Made Politicians –Michelle Bachelet (Chile) –Laura Chinchilla (Costa Rica) –Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (Argentina) –Dilma Rousseff (Brazil)

7. Indigenous Peoples Bolivia: Party Politics (and Evo Morales!) Ecuador: Social Movements Guatemala: Political Redemption? Peru: Silence and Sendero Luminoso Mexico: Zapatista Uprising

8. DETECTING ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY

9. The Rise of Electoral Democracy, 1972-2004

10. Journalists Killed in Latin America, 1990-1999 Country___ __ N Killings__ Colombia 36 Peru12 Mexico10 Brazil 8 Haiti 4 Argentina 3 Guatemala 3 Venezuela 2 Chile 1 Dominican Republic 1 Honduras 1 Paraguay 1 Total82 Source: Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press in 1999 (New York: CPJ, 2000), 23.

11. Table 10-2. Electoral Regimes and Freedom of the Press, 1990s _________________Regime____________________ Press____AutocracySemi-Democracy Democracy Not Free 1 5 2 Partly Free 1 26 51 Free 0 0 47 Totals 231 100

12. THE CONCEPT OF ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY Distinct Dimensions of Democracy: Free and Fair Elections Citizen Rights Systematic Curtailment of Citizen Rights Connection to “Delegative Democracy” (see p. 13)

13. FH scores of 1-2 = Extensive FH scores of 3-4 = Partial FH scores of 5-7 = Minimal CLASSIFYING CITIZEN RIGHTS (Freedom House scales for “Civil Liberties”)

14. Table 1. Democracy, Elections, and Citizen Rights: A Typology Citizen RightsCharacter of Elections Free and FairFree not FairNone ExpansiveLiberal DemocracyLiberal/Permissive Semidemocracy (Null) LimitedIlliberal Democracy Illiberal/Restrictive Semidemocracy Moderate Dictablanda Minimal(Null)Repressive Semidemocracy Hard-Line Dictadura

15. Rights and Freedoms ExtensiveLiberal Democracy PartialTraditional Autocracy (Dictablanda) Illiberal Democracy MinimalHard-Line Autocracy (Dictadura) AutocracySemi-DemocracyDemocracy Elections Elections, Rights, and Political Regimes

16. Liberal and Illiberal Democracy, 1978-2004

18. 1980-1989 ________________Regime___________________ Civil Liberties___AutocracySemi-DemocracyDemocracy Minimal 15 1 0 Partial 59 30 41 Extensive 1 4 39 Totals 75 35 80

19. 1990-2000 _________________Regime_________________ Civil Liberties___AutocracySemi-DemocracyDemocracy Minimal 3 0 0 Partial 4 53 109 Extensive 0 2 38 Totals 7 55 147

21. Political Regimes in 1999: Countries and Population N % Regime Type_____Countries__ __Population__ Liberal Democracy 3<5 Illiberal Democracy 11 60 Illiberal Semi-Democracy 5 33 Autocracy 1 2

23. Why Illiberal Democracy? Protection of elite interests Control of popular masses Under rubric of free and fair elections

24. SO WHAT? CYCLES OF MASS POLITICS –Unfettered and “dangerous” democracy (e.g., reformists + Allende) [1950s-] –Military coups and authoritarian regimes [1960s-] –Democracy contained [1980s-]: Neoliberal economics, Washington consensus Institutional constraints (e.g. MRO) Illiberal democracy –Rise of the “new Left” [1990s-]

25. The End