1. LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 28 12/1

2. Administrivia Review Homework 7

3. Homework 7 Review Japanese passives – kau (buy) --> kawareru (passive form of kau, present tense) – kawareta (passive form of kau-ed) Modify j24.pl (j26.pl) to handle the Japanese equivalents of – The book was bought – Input: hon-ga kawareta – Output: past(kau(_,hon)) – The book was bought by John – Input: hon-ga taroo-ni kawareta – Output: past(kau(taroo,hon))

4. Homework 7 Review Example 1 – The book was bought – Input: hon-ga kawareta – Output: past(kau(nonovert,hon)) No modification necessary to…

5. Homework 7 Review Example 2 – The book was bought by John – Input: hon-ga taroo-ni kawareta – Output: past(kau(taroo,hon)) again, no modification necessary to…

6. Homework 7 Review Output

7. g27.pl Last time, made some changes necessary for generating the by-phrase with the passive for the English grammar replaced the adjunction rule in g25.pl by2  by

8. g27.pl Another change, to prevent translator overgeneration

9. More translation How about the translation of Japanese passives? How to fix this? i.e. obtain …

10. More translation Finally, we have…

11. Idioms idioms – non-composition meaning i.e. meaning of idiom cannot be inferred from the meaning of the constitutive words examples – John kicked the bucket VP “kicked the bucket” – has a literal interpretation – has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” – Pete gave me the cold shoulder VP “give X the cold shoulder” – has an (unlikely) literal interpretation – has a (more likely) idiomatic interpretation “be unfriendly towards X” – (French) cassé sa pipe – (literal) break his pipe – (idiomatic) died

12. Idioms examples – John kicked the bucket VP “kicked the bucket” – has a literal interpretation – has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” – John kicked the buckets VP “kicked the buckets” – has only a literal interpretation English grammar modifications: – verb: kicked – common noun: bucket(s) queries ?- parse(X,[john,kicked,the,bucket]). X = kicked(john,bucket) ?- parse(X,[john,kicked,the,buckets]). X = kicked(john,buckets) – Literal meanings only

13. Idioms examples – John kicked the bucket VP “kicked the bucket” – has a literal interpretation – has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” – John kicked the buckets VP “kicked the buckets” – has only a literal interpretation idiomatic interpretation – Verb Phrase: kicked the bucket – vp(vp(v(died))) --> [kicked,the,bucket]. Modify Predicate-Argument structure (intransitive verbs)

14. Idioms example – John kicked the bucket VP “kicked the bucket” – has a literal interpretation – has an idiomatic interpretation “John died” – John kicked the buckets VP “kicked the buckets” – has only a literal interpretation queries – ?- parse(X,[john,kicked,the,bucket]). – X = died(john) ? ; – X = kicked(john,bucket) ? ; – ?- parse(X,[john,kicked,the,buckets]). – X = kicked(john,buckets) ? ; – no

15. Exercise: English Idiom example – John kicked the bucket the VP “kicked the bucket” has a literal interpretation and an idiomatic interpretation “John died” vp(vp(v(died))) --> [kicked,the,bucket]. Complete the translator so that – John kicked the bucket has both a literal and an idiomatic translation Taroo-ga buketsu-o ketta Taroo-ga shinda buketsu = bucket shinda = died ketta = kicked – John kicked the buckets has only a literal translation Taroo-ga buketsu-o ketta (assuming Japanese does not distinguish number)