1. Quantitative XRF Standardless Methods UniQuant Denver Conference 2002
Kurt Juchli
Applied Research Laboratories
Ecublens
Switzerland
Thermo ARL

2. Topics Introduction to UniQuant Differences versus Scanning Programs
Analytical Conditions
Calibration
Analysis of Unknown Samples

3. Topics
Introduction to UniQuant
Main Features
Evolution

4. Introduction to UniQuant Main Features
74 elements (F to Am) determined in 15 minutes (4 to 12 seconds / spectral line)
Peak to Peak Hopping + some Background Positions
Be, B, C, N and O if appropriate crystals are present
Samples: Solids, Liquids, Loose Powders, Filter Papers, etc.
Sample Shape: Flat or uneven, odd shaped, small quantities or small pieces, etc.
Determination of Multilayers (Thickness and Mass)
Balance of unanalysed Elements or Compounds present in the sample, e.g. Organic Rest or Ultra-light Elements

5. Introduction to UniQuant Evolution (1/2)
Version 1 (1989):
Calibration required special knowledge
Background Determination influenced by strong Absorption Edges
Version 2 (1992):
Improved Calibration
Improved Background Determination
Program split into 2 parts (due to lack of conventional memory)
Version 3 (1995):
Improved Alpha and Kappa Coefficients
Better results on Major Elements
Improved Handling (only 1 Program)

6. Introduction to UniQuant Evolution (2/2)
Version 4 (1997):
Improved Background Determination with Manual or Automatic Selection among up to 32 Background Shapes
Easy Calibration through Graphical Displays
Graphical Presentations to check Plausibility of Results
More Elements and alternative Lines
Version 5 (2001):
Parent - daughter principle to derive specific calibrations
Setup of user specific calibrations
Thin layer on a substrate: may also employ attenuation of intensity from a substrate element
Analysis of predefined compounds for any compound that contains at least one XRF feasible element.

7. Topics Differences versus Scanning Programs Scanning - Peak Hopping
Impact on Counting Statistics
Background Determination

8. Differences versus Scanning Programs

9. Differences versus Scanning Programs
Peak Hopping

10. Differences versus Scanning Programs Counting Statistics (1/2)
th = SQR ( R * t )
R = counts/s
t = counting time

11. Differences versus Scanning Programs Counting Statistics (2/2)
th = SQR ( R * t )
R = counts/s
t = counting time
Simple rule:
SQR (1’000’000) = 1000
 % RSD

12. Differences versus Scanning Programs Background Determination - Scanning Method

13. Background Shape for Last Elements in Group
Differences versus Scanning Programs Background Determination - UniQuant 4 & 5 (1/2)
Background Shape for Last Elements in Group ? ?

14. Background Shape for First Elements in Group
Differences versus Scanning Programs Background Determination - UniQuant 4 & 5 (2/2)
Background Shape for First Elements in Group

15. Topics
Analytical Conditions

16. Analytical Conditions UniQuant 4 & 5
Special Crystals - Calibrated on request

17. Topics Calibration Measurement of 64 Specimens
Determination of Background Shapes and Spectral Impurities
Determination of Wedge Effect (Geometry of Instrument)
Determination of Helium and Film Factors
Determination of Tau values (Fine Tuning of Dead Time Correction)
Setup of Drift Correction (5 Setting-up Samples)

18. Calibration Measurement of 64 Specimens
Provides over 100 Spectrometer Channel Sensitivities (Kappas)
Establishes over 1500 Line Overlap Coefficients
Mostly single Compounds, e.g. Elements in the form of pure Metal foils, Oxides, Quartz, Cryolithe, etc.
Universal Calibration ?

19. Universal Calibration Sensitivity of Sulfur in various Matrices

20. Universal Calibration What are Kappas ? (1/2)
Conventional Sensitivity
cps / %
40’000 cps / % S in Steel
300’000 cps / % S in Oil

21. Universal Calibration What are Kappas ? (2/2)
Conventional Sensitivity
cps / %
40’000 cps / % S in Steel
300’000 cps / % S in Oil
Intrinsic Sensitivity = Instrumental Sensitivity = Kappa
cps / atom
cps / 0.1mg
(very Thin Layer, Absorption negligible)

22. Universal Calibration Intrinsic and Overlap Kappas table
Intrinsic Kappas
cps / 0.1 mg
Overlap Kappas
ppm / %

23. Universal Calibration Graphical Presentation of Intrinsic KappasLa Lb Kb

24. Topics Calibration Measurement of 64 Specimens
Determination of Background Shapes and Spectral Impurities
Determination of Wedge Effect (Geometry of Instrument)
Determination of Helium and Film Factors
Determination of Tau values (Fine Tuning of Dead Time Correction)
Setup of Drift Correction (5 Setting-up Samples)

25. Calibration Background Shape and Impurities (Teflon)
Spectral Background determined with a Teflon Sample
Spectral Impurities
Mass Absorption Coefficients
Background Shape expressed in cps / 0.1 mg

26. Calibration Tables for Background Shapes and Impurities
Impurity Factors
Background Shape

27. Topics Calibration Measurement of 64 Specimens
Determination of Background Shapes and Spectral Impurities
Determination of Wedge Effect (Geometry of Instrument)
Determination of Helium and Film Factors
Determination of Tau values (Fine Tuning of Dead Time Correction)
Setup of Drift Correction (5 Setting-up Samples)

28. Calibration The Wedge Effect (1/3)

29. Calibration The Wedge Effect (2/3)
Liquid Sample Cup
Oil
Supporting Film

30. Calibration The Wedge Effect (3/3)
Liquid Sample Cup
Oil
Wedge
Supporting Film
Direction of Incident Radiation
Direction of detected Radiation

31. Calibration Wedge Height
Wedge Height (mm)

32. Topics Calibration Measurement of 64 Specimens
Determination of Background Shapes and Spectral Impurities
Determination of Wedge Effect (Geometry of Instrument)
Determination of Helium and Film Factors
Determination of Tau values (Fine Tuning of Dead Time Correction)
Setup of Drift Correction (5 Setting-up Samples)

33. Calibration Absorption Factors for 6µ Polypropylene Film
Film Factor = Intensity without Film / Intensity with Film

34. Calibration Table for Helium / Film Factors
Film Impurities (cps)
Helium Factor
Film Factor 1
Film Factor 2

35. Topics Calibration Measurement of 64 Specimens
Determination of Background Shapes and Spectral Impurities
Determination of Wedge Effect (Geometry of Instrument)
Determination of Helium and Film Factors
Determination of Tau values (Fine Tuning of Dead Time Correction)
Setup of Drift Correction (5 Setting-up Samples)

36. Calibration Determination of Tau Factors (Measurement)

37. Calibration Determination of Tau Factors (Calculation)

38. Calibration Tau Values

39. Topics Calibration Measurement of 64 Specimens
Determination of Background Shapes and Spectral Impurities
Determination of Wedge Effect (Geometry of Instrument)
Determination of Helium and Film Factors
Determination of Tau values (Fine Tuning of Dead Time Correction)
Setup of Drift Correction (5 Setting-up Samples)
Samples 223, 246, 295, 298, 299

40. Calibration Setup of Drift Correction
Day 0
Today
Drift

41. Topics
Analysis of Unknown Samples
Basic Features
Advanced Features

42. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Advanced Features

43. Analysis of Unknown Samples Import Intensities (1/5)

44. Analysis of Unknown Samples Import Intensities (2/5)

45. Analysis of Unknown Samples Import Intensities (3/5)
Drift Range Indication

46. Analysis of Unknown Samples Import Intensities (4/5)
Select Results File

47. Analysis of Unknown Samples Import Intensities (5/5)
Each Result is stored in an individual file with the extension 000 to 999

48. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Advanced Features

49. Analysis of Unknown Samples Select Job

50. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Advanced Features

51. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (1/12)

52. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (2/12)
Specify Chemistry

53. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (3/12)
Select Helium or Vacuum

54. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (4/12)
Specify Film

55. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (5/12)
Enter Sample Diameter

56. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (6/12)
Calculated for Effective Diameter
Compensation for Non-Infinite Sample Thickness
Effective Mass
Enter Sample Weight

57. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (7/12)
Enter Sample Thickness to compensate for Wegde Effect

58. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (8/12)
Density is only used to calculate the XRF measuring Depth and to check Weight and Height (esp. for Liquids)

59. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (9/12)
Enter Concentration of Known Non-Analysed Compound
Select Compound / Material

60. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data - Materials (10/12)

61. Analysis of Unknown Samples Specify General Data (11/12)
Specify your own, if necessary
Enter Dilution Ratio Diluent / Sample
Select Compound / Material

62. Analysis of Unknown Samples General Data - Summary (12/12)
Specify everything you know about the Sample
Choice of Chemistry
Weight (Effective Mass) to compensate for Non-Infinite Thickness
Height (Thickness) to compensate for Wedge Effect
Known unmeasured Compounds
Dilution
Specify everything you know about the Analysis
Helium or Vacuum
Film

63. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Advanced Features

64. Analysis of Unknown Samples Calculate Concentrations (1/2)
! Only in Version 5 !

65. Analysis of Unknown Samples Calculate Concentrations (2/2)
Result Display Options

66. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Advanced Features

67. Analysis of Unknown Samples Display Result (1/7)
Result Display Options

68. Analysis of Unknown Samples Display Result (2/7)
< 18 ppm

69. Analysis of Unknown Samples Display Result (3/7)
< 18 ppm

70. Analysis of Unknown Samples Display Result (4/7)

71. Analysis of Unknown Samples Display Result (5/7)

72. Analysis of Unknown Samples Display Result (6/7)
Result Display Options

73. Analysis of Unknown Samples Display Result (7/7)

74. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Sum before Normalisation
Information contained in the Intensity Table
Influence of Wrong Sample Weight
Alternative Lines
Advanced Features

75. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Sum before Normalisation (1/2)

76. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Sum before Normalisation (2/2)
Reasons for Bad Sum before Normalisation
Wrong Chemistry
Dilution not specified (Binder - Fused Bead)
Helium not selected
Film not specified
Wrong Effective Sample Diameter
Known or Unknown Rest not specified (Not analysable Elements)
Grain Size Effects

77. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Sum before Normalisation
Information contained in the Intensity Table
Influence of Wrong Sample Weight
Alternative Lines
Advanced Features

78. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Intensity Table (1/4)

79. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Intensity Table (2/4)
For all these lines the L lines are also measured

80. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Intensity Table (3/4)
11.48
Ka Lines
0.202

81. Source: Retsch - The Sample (International Edition Number 5)
Layer Thickness (in µm), where 90% of the Fluorescence Radiation originates from (4/4)
L Lines
K Lines
Source: Retsch - The Sample (International Edition Number 5)

82. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Sum before Normalisation
Information contained in the Intensity Table
Influence of Wrong Sample Weight
Alternative Lines
Advanced Features

83. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Wrong Sample Weight (1/3)
Specification of Wrong Sample Weight
! Recalculate !

84. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Wrong Sample Weight (2/3)
11.48
0.202
Correct SampleWeight

85. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Wrong Sample Weight (3/3)
11.48
60.64
0.202
Since Version 5.04
99.6

86. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Import Intensities
Select Job
Specify General Data
Calculate Concentrations
Display Result
Check Result
Sum before Normalisation
Information contained in the Intensity Table
Influence of Wrong Sample Weight
Alternative Lines
Advanced Features

87. Enter * / Space to select / deselect Alternative Lines
Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Select Alternative Lines (1/2)
Move Cursor here
or Click here
Enter * / Space to select / deselect Alternative Lines
! Recalculate !

88. Analysis of Unknown Samples Check Result - Select Alternative Lines (2/2)
11.48
60.64
0.202
99.6

89. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
General Information
How to make a New Shape
Example Oil Standard Conostan S-21 / 50 ppm
Example Chemplex 55 Elements Standard
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

90. Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Select Shape (1/8)

91. Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Selection Criteria (2/8)

92. 0 = Automatic Shape Selection 1 = Teflon Shape (recommended)
Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Define Default Shape (3/8)
0 = Automatic Shape Selection
1 = Teflon Shape (recommended)
Since Version 5

93. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
General Information
How to make a New Shape
Example Oil Standard Conostan S-21 / 50 ppm
Example Chemplex 55 Elements Standard
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

94. Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Table of Shapes (4/8)

95. Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Shapes and Impurity Factors (5/8)
Not
Set up
Not
Set up
Impurity Factors
Background Shapes

96. Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Make New Shape (6/8)

97. Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Select Sample (7/8)

98. Analysis of Unknown Samples Background Shapes - Check / Refine Shape (8/8)
Fe Absorption Edge
Smoothed Shape

99. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
General Information
How to make a New Shape
Example Oil Standard Conostan S-21 / 50 ppm
Example Chemplex 55 Elements Standard
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

100. Analysis of Unknown Samples - Oil Sample Conostan S-21 / 50ppm (1/5)
Last Element in first group
Problem of Shape
Neighbours in second group
Overlapped by Rh Ka Lines
Wrong Impurity Factors

101. Wrong Impurity Factors for Oil Matrix
Analysis of Unknown Samples - Oil Sample Inappropriate Background Shape (2/5)
Background too low
Wrong Impurity Factors for Oil Matrix

102. Analysis of Unknown Samples - Oil Sample Shape and Impurity Factors for Oil Matrix (3/5)

103. Analysis of Unknown Samples - Oil Sample Appropriate Background Calculation (4/5)
Background Shape and Impurity Factors calculated with Base Oil Sample
Background calculated for Unknown Oil Sample

104. Analysis of Unknown Samples - Oil Sample Conostan S-21 / 50ppm with Oil Background (5/5)

105. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
General Information
How to make a New Shape
Example Oil Standard Conostan S-21 / 50 ppm
Example Chemplex 55 Elements Standard
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

106. Analysis of Unknown Samples Special Case - Chemplex 55 Elements Standard Look ahead in Background Calculation

107. Analysis of Unknown Samples Special Case - Chemplex 55 Elements Standard Look ahead of 8 Lines (Default Setting)

108. Analysis of Unknown Samples Special Case - Chemplex 55 Elements Standard (1/2) Look ahead of 20 Lines (Special Setting)

109. Analysis of Unknown Samples Special Case - Chemplex 55 Elements Standard (2/2) Look ahead of 20 Lines (Special Setting)

110. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

111. Analysis of Unknown Samples Compensation for Grain Size Effects (1/2)

112. Analysis of Unknown Samples Compensation for Grain Size Effects (2/2)

113. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Case 1 Unknown Area
Case 2 Unknown % Rest
Case 3 Unknown Dilution
Case 4 Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer)
Case 5 Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer)
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

114. Analysis of Unknown Samples Special Cases - Unknown Area (1/2)

115. Analysis of Unknown Samples Special Cases - Unknown Area (2/2)
Case 1: Unknown Area
Same Result !
Case 0: Everything is known

116. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Case 1 Unknown Area
Case 2 Unknown % Rest
Case 3 Unknown Dilution
Case 4 Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer)
Case 5 Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer)
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

117. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Rest % (1/2)

118. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Rest % (2/2)

119. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Case 1 Unknown Area
Case 2 Unknown % Rest
Case 3 Unknown Dilution
Case 4 Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer)
Case 5 Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer)
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

120. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Dilution (1/2)

121. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Dilution (2/2)

122. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Case 1 Unknown Area
Case 2 Unknown % Rest
Case 3 Unknown Dilution
Case 4 Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer)
Case 5 Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer)
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

123. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer) (1/6)

124. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer) (2/6)
“Schmauchspuren”
Residues of unburnt powder after a gun shot

125. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer) (3/6)
La Lb
Case 0
(Bulk Sample)

126. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer) (4/6)

127. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer) (5/6)

128. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer) (6/6)

129. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Case 1 Unknown Area
Case 2 Unknown % Rest
Case 3 Unknown Dilution
Case 4 Unknown g/cm2 (Monolayer)
Case 5 Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer)
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

130. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer) (1/7)
Up to 9 unknown (Masses) and 6 fixed layers can be specified
Layers can be specified by an Element, Oxide or Compound (Material)
Each Layer must have at least one Element of which the Intensity can be measured
The order of the layers must be specified (Substrate = 0)

131. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer) (2/7)
Select Case 5
Calculate Background

132. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer) (3/7)

133. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer) (4/7)

134. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer) (5/7)

135. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer) (6/7)
Check !

136. Analysis of Unknown Samples Unknown Masses/Area (Multilayer) (7/7)

137. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Reasons
How to create a Subset
Example
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

138. Subset Programs Reasons
To speed up the Analysis
measure only Elements present in the Samples
measure only Elements that can be measured (e.g. eliminate F to Be in He and/or with Foil)
To optimise the Analysis
increase Counting Times for important Traces
decrease Counting Times for Majors
The analysis of oils or polymers does not require to measure lanthanides and precious metals.
The total exposure time to X-Rays for Samples using a thin Foil is limited (15 to 20 minutes) - Risk of Damage

139. Subset Programs How to create a Subset
Counting Time = 0  will not be measured

140. Subset Programs Example - PetroQuant (1/4)
Additives in Oil
Ca, Zn, P, Mg, Mo ( ppm)
Cl, S ( %)
Si (few ppm)
Following elements are sometimes present
Na, K, Ba ( ppm)
Cu, Fe ( ppm)
Abrasion Elements ( ppm)
Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ag, Sn, Sb, Pb
Total Measuring Time : 11 minutes

141. Subset Programs Example - PetroQuant (2/4)

142. Subset Programs Example - PetroQuant (3/4)

143. Subset Programs Example - PetroQuant (4/4)

144. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Principle
Practical Example
Small Samples

145. Kappa Lists Principle - New Calibration derived from a Parent (1/3)
AnySample
Parent
Beads
Daughter
Alloys
Parent
Pressed Powder
Steel
Daughter
© 2000 Omega Data Systems BV All Rights Reserved
Denver conference W.K. de Jongh (ODS), Kurt Juchli (ARL)

146. Kappa Lists Principle - New Calibration derived from a Parent (2/3)
Homogeneous
Samples
Beads
Copy Kappa List
Daughter
Mineralogical
Effects
One or more Standards
to firm up calibration
of Major Elements
Pressed Powder
© 2000 Omega Data Systems BV All Rights Reserved
Denver conference W.K. de Jongh (ODS), Kurt Juchli (ARL)

147. Kappa Lists Principle - Create New Kappa List (3/3)

148. Kappa Lists Practical Example (1/4)
Difference in Sensitivity Reduction between High and Low Crystal Angles versus Sample Surface Size (Opening of Sample Holder)
Sample with 90% Pt / 10% Rh (CAL 278) analysed with 29 and 15 mm Sample Holder Openings
Sample with 10% Ir / 90% Pd (CAL 246) measured to adjust Kappas for 15 mm Sample Holder Opening
Sample with 90% Pt / 10% Rh (CAL 278) recalculated with new Kappa list
Low 2 Theta Angles High 2 Theta Angles
Pd = Ir = 56.68
Rh = Pt = 54.91

149. Kappa Lists Practical Example (2/4)

150. Kappa Lists Practical Example (3/4)
15 mm
29 mm

151. Kappa Lists Practical Example (4/4)
Adjusted Kappas

152. Kappa Lists Practical Example - Explanation (1/2)
Normal Sample
Collimator Mask
Collimator Mask
Crystal at higher angles
Crystal at lower angles

153. Kappa Lists Practical Example - Explanation (2/2)
Small Sample
Small Sample
Collimator Mask
Collimator Mask
Crystal at higher angles
Crystal at lower angles

154. Topics Analysis of Unknown Samples Basic Features Advanced Features
Background Shapes
Shadow Loss
Special Cases
Subset Programs
Kappa Lists
Small Samples

155. Small Samples Irregular Shaped Small Sample
Polypropylene Insert
to keep sample in place

156. Small Samples Stainless Steel Drillings
Lowest Angle
Element
Drill. 90
Drill.180
Drill.360
Pressed Mn %
1.34
1.37
1.38 Si %
0.36
0.30
0.37
0.41 Cr %
18.12
18.37
18.26
18.18 Ni %
10.58
10.61
10.60
10.79 Mo %
1.91
1.47
1.80
1.59 Cu %
0.06
0.08 Ti %
0.021
0.012
0.011
0.014 Fe %
66.4
67.3
67.0 Nb %
0.009
Drill.90, Drill.180 and Drill.360 were analysed under helium environment with a film support (6µ PP)
The pressed sample was analysed under vacuum

157. Thank you very much for your Attention
Kurt Juchli
Applied Research Laboratories
Ecublens
Switzerland
Thermo ARL

158. Crystal at higher angles Crystal at lower angles
Analysed Surface
Collimator Mask
Collimator Mask
Crystal at higher angles
Crystal at lower angles