1. AGC Financial Issues Forum January 2014 Brian J. Lenihan Director, Tax, Fiscal Affairs, and Accounting Associated General Contractors of America 202.547.4733 | lenihanb@agc.org

2. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Federal Tax Update for 2014

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4. Unusual bipartisan and bicameral cooperation from lead tax-writers to drive the debate, including joint hearings and a redolent tax reform road show Ways and Means Chairman created bipartisan working groups, released three detailed discussion drafts, and now holding intensive Member-only meetings to prep for rollout Finance Chairman published policy papers in the Spring under a blank slate approach Finance Chairman released four “staff discussion drafts” in the late Fall In December, Chairman Camp announced that he would delay his long-stated goal of marking up a tax bill in 2013 Administration has not engaged other than to promote corporate only proposals White House selected Baucus as ambassador to China (confirmation in early 2014) Summary to Date

5. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Source: Bloomberg 2013 Timeline

6. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Source: National Journal Congressional momentum on tax reform Fiscal cliff deal meets some Democrats’ aim of raising taxes on wealthy; eases widespread push for reform Corporate coalitions form to advocate for tax code overhaul Sequester diverts lawmakers’ attention Senate Finance Cmte. Chairman Sen. Max Baucus (D-Mont.) announces retirement Senate Finance Cmte. shifts focus to IRS scandal Senators asked to submit confidential proposals on which tax breaks to keep House Ways and Means Cmte. Chairman Dave Camp (R-Mich.) flirts with but decides against Senate run Congress resumes; budget is top priority Tax Reform Momentum in 2013

7. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Key Dates in 2014 1234 467891011 12131415161718 19202122232425 262728293031 January 1 2345678 9101112131415 16171819202122 23242526272829 3031 March 123 45678910 11121314151617 18192021222324 25262728293031 May The transition of Finance Chairman could begin as early as January W&M Chairman Camp could release a comprehensive draft bill in January - February Debt Limit February – March (CBO June) Primary season starts March – May – kitchen table issues will shift to forefront The majority of primaries will occur in June & August 1 2345678 9101112131415 16171819202122 232425262728 February

8. Highway Reauthorization Unemployment Insurance Minimum Wage Health Care Reform/Repeal Farm Bill Water Infrastructure (WRRDA) NSA Immigration Reform AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Congressional Agenda Flood Insurance Program Higher Education Pension Reform Housing Finance Reform Terrorism Risk Insurance Repeal of Medical Device Tax Physician Reimbursement (SGR) Trade agenda

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10. Key Players Ron Wyden(D-Ore.) Elected: 1996; 4 th term Dave Camp (R-Mich.) Elected: 1998; 8 th term Motivation: Term limited as Chairman and sees as legacy agenda item Next Step: Vie for Tax Subcommittee Gavel or run for leadership position – opted out of run to succeed the open Senate seat occupied by Sen. Carl Levin Profile: Promoted health care legislation with Chairman Paul Ryan (R-WI) Sponsored a tax reform bill with Sen. Dan Coats (R-IN) Pitched transportation legislation with Sen. John Hoeven (R-ND)

11. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Key Players – Future Chairmen Paul Ryan(R-Wis.) Elected: 1998; 8 th term Both are expected to helm the tax writing committees in 2015 While ideologically on opposite sides of the political spectrum –in December 2011 they attracted attention for working together on a Medicare reform plan Concern for comprehensive tax reform – will chairmen be as dedicated or switch their focus to main driver of debt – entitlement reform Ron Wyden(D-Ore.) Elected: 1996; 4 th term

12. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Key Players - Administration John Koskinen Confirmed: December 20, 2013 In December, the Senate confirmed him as the next IRS Commissioner by a 59 to 36 vote. Koskinen, 74-year old former Freddie Mac executive, has a history of turning around distressed organizations Served in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) during the Clinton-era. Mark Mazur Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy Confirmed: August 2012 Responsible for developing, analyzing, and coordinating Treasury's and the Administration's agenda, policies, and guidance on tax issues. Internal Revenue Service, Director of Research & Analysis Joint Committee on Taxation National Economic Council under President Clinton

13. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Chairmen – Camp-Baucus Baucus announced as nominee for US Ambassador for China Camp has backing from Speaker but not a long leash due to politics Camp met with his leadership in December – outcome was get the votes then move bill Future Chairmen – Ryan-Wyden Status quo election in 2014 could allow carryover of progress Wyden agenda will be key marker for which committee issues move (health, trade) Committee Staff Baucus had 3 high level staff departures – unclear if Wyden will rearrange staff Camp beefed up his tax cadre since 2011 – unsure which committee staff will remain in 2015 Administration No engagement until the appearance of a concrete plan from Congress (post 2014?) Key Players Moving

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15. AGC Tax Policy Principles 15 Economic growth should be the goal of tax reform Tax policy should not pick winners and losers Higher taxes should be supported if the money collected is dedicated to public works projects Clarity, simplicity and certainty should be the goals of tax reform Dollar thresholds should be indexed to avoid stealth tax increases A three year phase in of tax policy would be preferable to deal with long term contracts Lower rates are preferable to more deductions, and limits on deductions should be looked at if they accompany rate cuts. Of the deductions, it was determined that accelerated depreciation was an extremely important policy for the industry A gross receipts tax or value added tax would be bad for the construction industry

16. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Construction Industry Tax Priorities Tax Policy Eliminates Unfair policy Reduces Tax Liability (effective rate) Reduces Complexity Reduces Compliance Costs Good Tax Policy Certainty (+inflation) Unique Importance to industry Economic Growth Repeal corporate and individual Alternative Minimum Tax – Repeal the Alternative Minimum Tax for C-corporations and pass-throughs in order to provide capital needed for businesses to grow and invest XXXXXXXX Percentage-of-Completion Accounting – The threshold at which the Percentage-of-Completion method of accounting is required should be increased to $40m indexed for inflation since inception and should be exempt from AMT XXXXXXX Lookback Accounting – Eliminate the burdensome Lookback Accounting requirement for long-term contracts XXXXXXX Taxation of Income While In Dispute – Stop taxation of income while in dispute XXXXXXX Domestic Production Activities Deduction – Preserve the Section 199 deduction for the construction industry XXXXX Bonus Depreciation and Capital Expenditures Write-Off Levels – Expand and make permanent bonus depreciation and enhanced capital expenditures write- offs to incentivize capital investments and new and used equipment purchases XXXXX Shortened Cost Recovery Period for Leasehold, Retail, and Restaurant Improvements – Make 15-year shortened cost recovery permanent to provide an important incentive for capital improvements to these properties XXXXX

17. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Construction Industry Tax Priorities Tax Policy Eliminates Unfair policy Reduces Tax Liability (effective rate) Reduces Complexit y Reduces Complianc e Costs Good Tax Policy Certainty (+inflation) Specific Importanc e to industry Economic Growth Employee Misclassification – Oppose Unnecessary Administrative Burdens and Recordkeeping Requirements For Employers and Clarify the Definition to Preserve Legitimate Independent Contractor Relationships XXXXXX Per Diem Allowances – Allow the Full Deductibility of Per Diem Allowances in Construction XXXXX Tax Rate Overhaul – Retain Permanent Marginal, Capital Gains, and Dividends Rate Reductions XXXX Tax Exempt Public Works Financing –Preserve the Preferable Tax Treatment of Debt Used to Finance Public Infrastructure XXX Commercial Building Energy Efficiency Tax Deduction – Increase Deduction and Convert it into a Tax Credit to Provide a Significant Financial Incentive for all Property Owners to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buildings and Ensure that 179D does not get Charged to the Contractor Doing the Work XXX Net Operating Loss Carryback – Create permanent tax policy on NOL Carryback that allows a 5-year carryback and a 15-year carryforward for all businesses to allow cash-strapped businesses to convert future tax benefits into cash today XXX

18. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Construction Industry Tax Priorities Tax Policy Eliminates Unfair policy Reduces Tax Liability (effective rate) Reduces Complexity Reduces Compliance Costs Good Tax Policy Certainty (+inflation) Specific Importance to Industry Economic Growth Carried Interest – Reject efforts to increase tax that would undercut the economic incentive to build projects and drive away investments from the commercial real estate sector. Most efforts identified have cast a broad net and will likely have a significant impact on equity transfer in closely held construction companies. XX Alternative Energy—Extend Alternative Energy Tax Production Tax CreditsXX Retirement Security – Reform the Social Security System; Preserve Currently Available Tax Preferred Retirement Savings Vehicles and Provide Alternative Savings Vehicles to Ensure Stable Retirement for All Generations of Workers XX

19. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Released Finance Committee Drafts In November & December, Chairman Baucus unveiled three discussion drafts. The policy proposals are meant to build momentum in Congress for a corporate tax overhaul. Tax administration: Reduce complexity, increase compliance and ensure taxpayer rights. Cost recovery and accounting: Businesses could face additional taxes as a result of lengthening tax depreciation and amortization benefits, and curtailing expensing. The anticipated new revenue — $700+ billion over 10 years — would be used to offset the cost of cutting the corporate tax rate. Baucus reportedly wants to reduce rates to below 30 percent. International taxation: Companies could incur a one-time tax of $200 billion on accumulated earnings. Future foreign earnings would be taxed under a lower corporate income tax rate of less than 30 percent, partially offset by a minimum tax on all foreign income as it is earned. Energy taxation: Consolidate 42 provisions in to 2 simplified technology-neutral tax credits for the domestic production which phase out as GHG intensity of each market has declined by 25 percent as determined by the EPA.

20. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting The staff discussion draft proposes a modernized set of rules that are “simpler, fairer, and lessen tax burdens on small businesses.” Revenue raised used to reduce the corporate tax rate. Replace current MACRS and ADS with a system that approximates economic depreciation based on estimates from the Congressional Budget Office. This new system would use a pooling method rather than requiring taxpayers to calculate depreciation for separate assets. Reduce the number of major depreciation rates from more than 40 to 5. Treasury would have regulatory authority to reassign assets to different pools or to create new asset classes. Elimination of bonus depreciation Permanently increase Section 179 expensing to $1 million and expand the definition of qualifying expenses. Chairman Baucus requested that CBO produce a letter detailing their analysis of economic depreciation rates of tangible assets. Proposed effective date: taxable years beginning after 2014 Committee staff is looking for feedback from stakeholders by January 17, 2014 Cost Recovery & Accounting Draft

21. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Assets would be assigned to pools based on specific asset classes (end of year pool adjusted basis is multiplied by an assigned percentage to determine the depreciation deduction for the year). Pool 1 (38%) – annual economic depreciation 20 percent or more Includes computers, computer software, business automobiles Pool 2 (18%) – annual economic depreciation 12 to 20 percent Hard to generalize, but includes trucks, farming assets, Distributive Trades or Businesses (Asset Class 57.0), some manufacturing assets Pool 3 (12%) – annual economic depreciation 6 to 12 percent Includes most manufacturing asset classes, air transportation, most oil production and refining, office furniture, section 1245 property without an assigned asset class Pool 4 (5%)– annual economic depreciation under 6 percent Includes non-building land improvements, pipelines, water transportation, most non-real property utility property, solar and wind energy Cost Recovery & Accounting Draft Source: KPMG 12/3/13

22. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting ProvisionCampBaucus Cost recovery and accounting DepreciationN/A Limits depreciation (with pooled asset recovery system) and amortization tax benefits LIFO accountingN/ARepeals Small business tax relief Cash accounting, more immediate expensing Senate Finance Committee “Staff Discussion” Draft Cost Recovery Draft Comparison with House Ways and Means

23. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Cost Recovery and AccountingAnalysis Limit depreciation tax benefit of tangible assets with pooled asset recovery system According to Baucus, certain business costs such as those related to oil and gas extraction will have a simpler depreciation schedule more aligned with the economic lives of assets. By setting depreciation schedules roughly equal to economic lives, the policy removes implied benefits from the current more accelerated depreciation schedule. Increase immediate expensing for small businesses Business expenses that qualify for the Section 179 benefit are increased from $500,000 to $1 million and the definition of qualifying expenses is expanded. Cash accounting for small businessesExpanded to include all businesses with gross receipts less than $10 million with inflation indexing. Concern is the accrual method is more complex and costly for construction companies. These businesses would not be permitted to change their method of accounting without consent more frequently than every five years. Senate Finance Committee “Staff Discussion” Draft Cost Recovery Draft

24. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Cost Recovery and AccountingAnalysis Real Property Buildings and other property classified as “real property” would be depreciated over 43 years using the straight-line method Repeal of Section 1031 like-kind exchanges Baucus’ rationale – The effect of reducing the pool balance by the gross proceeds of a disposition, and adding the value of the replacement asset, has substantially the same effect as LKEs. Section 179 expensingBaucus would extend the current 179 rules for an additional year but then permanently modify them going forward. After the change, the maximum amount that could be expensed would be set at $1 million (phasing out for qualifying property exceeding $2 million) with the thresholds indexed for inflation. Currently, the $500,00 maximum deduction is scheduled to plummet to $25,000 in 2014 (see extenders). Repeals specialized expensing provisions Repeals the tax deduction for energy-efficiency improvements to commercial buildings under Section 179D. Senate Finance Committee “Staff Discussion” Draft Cost Recovery Draft

25. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Cost of Reform 25 Largest business revenue raisersCorporatePass-throughs Alternative to Current Depreciation Schedule (MACRS) $506.0 $217.0 Domestic production activities deduction $127.0 $36.9 Deferral of gain on like-kind exchanges$16.0 $2.0 Completed contract rules method$13.9 – Source: JCT Tax Expenditure Estimates, October 2011 Estimated Revenue Cost (Billions) JCT and Finance Committee majority staff determined that every $2 trillion of individual tax expenditures that are added back would, on average, raise each of the seven individual income tax brackets by between 1.3 and 2.2 percentage points from what they would be under a blank slate. Every $200 billion of corporate tax expenditures that are added back would, on average, raise the top corporate income tax rate by 1.5 percentage points from what they it would be under a blank slate.

26. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Tax Extenders Chairman Baucus’s departure could ease action on a package of temporary tax breaks lawmakers routinely renewed known as “extenders.” Baucus & Camp had been holding them in abeyance to focus attention on tax reform efforts. Senator Wyden stated he wanted to take up those breaks sooner rather than later. “Even a relatively short period really can harm the kind of investment and certainty and predictability” that’s needed for businesses that rely on the breaks.” Extending all 55 provisions would increase the deficit by about $50 billion per year. Will deficit hawks require offsets?

27. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Tax Extenders Provision 20132014 Extension of new markets tax credit$0.9$1.0 Extension of work opportunity tax credit$0.9$0.8 Extension of 15-year straight-line cost recovery for qualified leasehold improvements $0.4 Extension of bonus depreciation$19.6$30.2 Extension of increased expensing limitations and treatment of certain real property as section 179 property $4.4$4.2 Election to accelerate AMT credit in lieu of bonus depreciation$0.16$0.14 Extension of energy efficient commercial buildings deduction$0.10 Source: JCT Tax Expenditure Estimates, February 2013 Estimated Revenue Cost (Billions) List of the tax extenders along with their costs for 2013 and 2014, as was estimated by the Joint Committee on Taxation after their extension on January 1, 2013. JCT has not released any cost estimates for renewing these provisions for 2014 and beyond.

28. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Extenders to Consider The Urban Institute released an evaluation of the New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) based on projects launched between 2002 and 2007. In its early years, the NMTC program operated as intended—encouraging investments in low-income areas for a diverse range of community- and economic-development projects associated with varying results. About two-thirds of projects, accounting for about three-quarters of all project costs, consisted of construction or rehabilitation of commercial or residential real estate (including office buildings, housing, mixed-use, and retail properties). Based on the evidentiary review, it can reasonably be concluded that between three and 4 of every 10 early-year projects would likely not have proceeded without NMTCs; about 1 of every 10 projects would likely have proceeded without NMTCs, but probably in a different location or on a delayed schedule. Source: NMTC Coalition Economic Impact Report 2003-2012

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30. AGC Responses April 2013 Submitted comments to the W&M pass-through group highlighting 179 Expensing, Percentage-of- Completion Accounting, Look-back Accounting July2013 Submitted comments to SFC for blank slate deadline January 2014 Plan to submit comments to SFC for capitol cost recovery staff discussion draft highlighting: MACRS 179 expensing 179D Accrual method threshold 15-year leasehold improvements, Removal of “home construction contract” classification 30

31. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting AGC has been a leader in Washington circles to engage coalitions and the tax committees to promote a comprehensive message (C-corp & pass-throughs) when reforming business rates. Leaders of the RATE Coalition and the Coalition for Fair Effective Tax Rates stressed at a joint Capitol Hill event that both the individual and corporate sides of the code need to be revamped. Comprehensive Reform

32. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Establish effective tax rates as the best metric to make meaningful comparisons among policy choices and how they would impact different business types and industries What Industries Pay

33. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Choosing a Company’s Tax Rate for Tax Overhaul A popular measure used by companies to understand taxes paid relative to profit. Lawmakers also use ETRs in comparing taxes paid by businesses and assess the impact a tax provision may have on industry ETRs when deciding among potential base-broadeners Three important factors that influence a company or industry’s effective tax rate: Variation in definitions of tax and income Timing and data issues Accounting methods What Companies Pay

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35. Can lawmakers ever settle the question as to whether tax revenues are high enough or need to rise further? Will business community accept repealing or modifying long-standing tax rules, even in exchange for lower rates? Will individual taxpayers have sticker shock when they see which loopholes have to be closed in tax reform? Will the House move forward without acknowledgement of progress from the Senate? Lingering Questions

36. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Democratic Leadership in Congress Use tax reform to raise revenue for social & health programs Tax the rich and oil & gas for middle-class & low-income tax preferences House Republican Fiscal Hawks Waver on anything that smells like a tax increase or too large of a bill Incumbents fear radical primary challengers Democrats in Senate Having a hand in crafting a tax measure could stall efforts Will want to save tax provisions for their constituencies or filibuster House Republican Leadership Wary of moving a bill that jeopardizes their majority status if the Senate slow-walks Need House Democrats to advance bill on the House floor Political Realities

37. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Unlikely at this point that Democrats would reverse course and allow the next debt limit increase to be used to address policy issues Shortened congressional schedule for action; slim odds of reaching an agreement on revenue levels for tax reform “Dynamic Scoring” could help: Economists agree that a tax change that trades inefficient tax subsidies for lower business tax rates should generate more economic activity. CBO signal on scoring the Senate’s immigration bill proved important to passage in at least that chamber Tough to see reformers overcoming barriers and enacting tax reform without it being part of a larger agreement, but tax reform does have bipartisan support in both the House and Senate Broader Structural Problems: Deeply divided environment in Washington makes it challenging to pass any legislation (inter & intra party strife) Hurdles for Reform

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39. Baucus and Camp have not laid out all of their cards Other important tax expenditures, such as Section 199 and interest deductibility could also face repeal or reduction No legislative drafts with specific tax rates for c-corps and pass-throughs released Camp will continue facing political conflict in 2014 If Camp's proposals are released, the tax policy discussion could focus less on Camp's goals and instead more on how his proposals may align or conflict with the administration's FY2015 budget, which should also be released in February 2014. What’s Ahead

40. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Incoming Chairmen are waiting in the wings Wyden and Ryan have deeper policy differences and stronger support from the bases of their respective parties than the current chairmen, so if tax reform doesn’t happen in 2014, the legislative landscape will look much different in 2015 and 2016. So different, in fact, that tax reform may have to wait for a new president. Even if tax reform legislation were not to be enacted in this Congress, the efforts of both congressional committees are sufficiently comprehensive that they may set the agenda for tax reform efforts Tax extenders extended retroactively sounds the death knell for tax reform in 2014 $50+ billion in annual business tax extenders have a significant impact on business investment decisions What’s Ahead

41. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Most observers believe Chairman Camp will release a specific tax reform plan with rates, base-broadeners, and revenue estimates in 2014. A good number also think the W&M Committee will begin a tax reform markup in 2014. Many experts believe there is a 15-20% chance for reform in 2014 and that the environment for comprehensive reform will be better after 2016. House 75% chairman releases tax reform proposal Better than 50% committee begins markup of tax reform legislation Less than 50% committee approves tax reform legislation 20% chamber passes comprehensive tax reform legislation Senate Slightly better than 50% chairman releases reform proposal (if he keeps gavel) Less than 10% chamber passes comprehensive tax reform legislation Probability for Reform

42. AGC Financial Issues Forum Winter Meeting Questions