1. APUSH
Chapter 7

2. Roots of Revolution Republicanism Radical Whigs
Citizens willingly subordinate their private interests to the common good
Virtue of the citizens is key
Selflessness, self-sufficiency, courage, and civic involvement
Radical Whigs
Feared the threat of liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the king
Criticized patronage and bribes as symptoms of “corruption”- a moral failure in society
Citizens should be on guard for people trying to steal their liberties

3. Mercantilism Mercantilist Economy Theory
Wealth=Power
Wealth=Amount of gold and silver in the treasury
To get gold and silver, you must export more than you import
Colonies supply raw material to the home country and are a market for exports at the same time
Colonies were meant to provide tobacco, sugar, timber, and to buy manufactured goods only from England

4. Laws that supported mercantilism
Navigation Law of 1650
All commerce coming to and from the colonies could only be on British ships
All European goods going to America must first dock in England
Certain American products must be shipped only to England

5. British Measures “Against” the colonies
Currency shortage in the colonies because they buy more from England than they sell to them
When colonies tried to print paper money, it quickly depreciated and Parliament prohibited colonies from printing paper currency
Parliament has the right to nullify laws passed by colonial assemblies. 469 out of 8,563

6. The End of Salutary Neglect
Huge debt for England after French and Indian War
Prime Minister Grenville orders the navy to begin strictly enforcing Navigation Laws in 1763
Sugar Act of first law passed to raise tax revenues in the colony for the British gov’t
Colonists protest and the tax was lowered

7. More Laws…that the colonists hate
Quartering Act of certain colonies required to provide food and shelter for British troops
Stamp Tax (Stamp Act of 1765)
Must use paper that was stamped to show the tax had been paid
First DIRECT tax on the colonists
Grenville viewed this as fair—tax was less than in England and Americans should share in the cost of defense of their colonies

8. Americans React
People who violated the Sugar Act and Stamp Act tried in admiralty courts
Why was an army even needed?
French are gone, Pontiac’s warriors crushed
Is there a more sinister purpose?
Colonial assemblies begin defying the Quartering Act
“No taxation without representation” became the rallying cry
Colonists conceded that Parliament could legislate in matters such as trade, but denied that Parliament could tax Americans when no Americans sat in Parliament

9. How does Grenville reply?
Power of Parliament is supreme over all colonies
“Virtual representation”
Every member of Parliament represents all British subjects, so the Americans are represented
When the British said Parliament’s power could not be divided between legislative authority and taxing authority, the colonists began to deny Parliament’s authority entirely and began to consider independence for the first time

10. Repeal of the Stamp Act Stamp Act Congress- 1765
27 delegates from 9 colonies meet in NYC
Statement of rights and grievances
Asks king and Parliament to repeal the law
Ignored in England, but one more step toward unity in the colonies

11. Repeal of the Stamp Act Nonimportation agreements
Refusal to import certain British goods (Wool)
First time the American people united in common ACTION
Petitions signed, spinning bees held—all acts of public defiance by those who had previously stayed out of protests
Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty emerge
Tar and feather those who do not follow nonimportation agreements

12. Repeal of the Stamp Act
When the Stamp Act was to go in effect in 1765, all of the stamp agents had been forced to resign—Americans were openly nullifying the law
England suffered from the nonimportation agreements
Parliament asks why should 7.5 million British pay for the protection of the colonies while the 2 million colonists refuse 1/3 of the cost
Parliament repeals the Stamp Act in 1766

13. Declaratory Act
Parliament has the right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever
Absolute and unqualified sovereignty over the colonies
Both sides have drawn their line in the sand

14. Townshend Acts
Parliament passes a law to put a light import tax on glass, paper, paint, and TEA
Money to be used to pay the salaries of royal judges and governors in the colonies
Suspicions of the colonists aroused again—power of the purse to control governors is disappearing
Suspicions deepen when the NY legislature is suspended for ignoring the Quartering Act

15. Boston “Massacre”
Colonists begin smuggling tea, especially in Massachusetts
The British government sends troops to Boston in 1768 to restore order
March 5, 1770—11 colonists are killed or wounded when they were harassing British troops

16. More British action
Lord North, under the direction of King George III, convinces Parliament to repeal the Townshend taxes, except for the three-pence tax on tea—keeps alive the principle of parliamentary taxation
Redoubled the efforts to enforce Navigation Laws

17. Committees of Correspondence
Effort led by Samuel Adams
Formed the first committee in Boston in 1772, and 80 more towns in Massachusetts followed
Goal is to spread resistance by exchanging letters to keep opposition to British policy going
These committees would grow in other colonies as well. The House of Burgesses in Virginia even formed a standing committee
Evolves into the first American congresses

18. Trouble with Tea is Brewing
By 1773, revolution was far from inevitable
British East India Company has 17 million pounds of unsold tea
British award the company a monopoly in the American tea business
Americans saw this as a trick to ignore the tax by giving them cheaper tea

19. Colonial Response
The British colonial authorities enforced the tea tax over colonial protests
In Philly and New York, tea ships were forced to return to England
In Annapolis, Maryland, the ship and cargo of tea were burned
Boston becomes the flash point as the Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson refuses to budge on the tax

20. Boston Tea Party
Hutchinson believed the tea tax was wrong, but even more so believed the colonists couldn’t ignore the law
December 16, 1773—colonists disguised as Indians board the ships docked in Boston harbor and dump 342 chests of tea into the Atlantic
The British probably could still have responded by granting some home rule to the colonists, but this wasn’t going to happen

21. Intolerable Acts Response to the Boston Tea Party
Acts were designed to punish Boston, in particular
Boston Port Act
Most drastic of the acts
Closed the harbor until damages are paid by the colonists
Officials that killed colonists while enforcing British laws sent to England for trial
New Quartering Act gave local authorities the power to quarter British soldiers anywhere

22. Quebec Act Passed at the same time as the Intolerable Acts
Guarantees the French their Catholic religion
Can retain many old customs and institutions (does not include rep. assembly or trial by jury)
Boundary of Quebec extended south to Ohio River
Even though the French accepted the act, the colonists were outraged

23. First Continental Congress
Continental Congress summoned in 1774 to meet in Philadelphia
Goal is to come up with ways to express colonial grievances to the crown
12 of 13 colonies present
Declaration of Rights drawn up as well as appeals to the king, British people, and other British colonies
Most importantly, the creation of The Association
Calls for a complete boycott of British goods
Not a call for independence, but for a repeal of legislation and return to days before taxation

24. Revolution Begins
If colonial grievances are redressed then everything will be fine; if not, meet again in May 1775
Parliament rejected the Congress’ petitions
Men began to drill openly for militias and guns were gathered
Violators of The Association tarred and feathered

25. Lexington and Concord
April 1775—British commander sends troops to Lexington and Concord to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and capture ringleaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock
The colonists at Lexington refused to disperse quickly enough, and eight were killed and several more wounded
The British pushed on to Concord and were forced to retreat
70 British killed and over 200 more wounded in the retreat to Boston.
War had begun