1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Industrial Diffusion
How do industrial regionalization, uneven development, and core-periphery patterns come to exist?

3. The Industrial Revolution
Pre-Industrialization: How were goods produced BEFORE IR?
People had made goods for thousands of years before IR
things made slowly (low productivity), all by hand
workmen handled all facets of production > different quality goods
guilds created production standards, but prices were high

4. The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
Pre-Industrialization: what did the Revolution change?
Spatial distribution
work done at home (cottage industry)
goods sold locally
workers paid by the “piece”
industry was dispersed in all locales

5. The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Once the IR occurred
things made quickly (high productivity), mostly by machine
workmen handled one discrete task > same quality of mass-produced items
Factories made similar goods with same production standards; prices came down

6. The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Spatial Distribution
Work done at factories
Goods sold near and far
Workers paid by the hour
Industry was clustered in a few places

7. The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
Why did it begin in the Great Britain?
capitalist system
guilds had created a middle class of workmen
people free to form businesses
education
patent system encouraged development
labor:
Jethro Tull’s seed drill (1701) and other developments > improved productivity in farming > people can leave farms and work elsewhere

8. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
Why did it begin in the Great Britain? (CONT)
raw materials (iron ore, coal)
rivers, canals, harbors (ease in trade)
small, compact size (iron and coal near rivers and harbors)
existing banking system (borrow $ to buy machinery)
stable political system
colonies (guaranteed markets, additional raw materials)

9. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
Key developments
James Watt patents the steam engine (1769)
wood replaces running water as source of energy
changes location of machinery
was located by running water (streams, rivers)
now can be located wherever wood exists (more flexibility)

10. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
Key developments (cont)
steam engine adapts to iron industry (iron deposits in Midlands, So. Scotland, So. Wales)
steam engine provides steady supply of hot air for blast furnace
ease in smelting iron and shaping it into “pig iron” [common size]

11. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
Key developments (cont)
steam engine adapts to textile industry
cotton fiber spun into thread (inefficient by hand; efficient by machine)
thread woven into cloth with power looms in large factories

12. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
other industries arise from iron industry
wood becomes scarce > coal > coke (factories move to coal fields)
> integrated factories where iron is smelted and processed into steel
need to transport coal and iron > railroad

13. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
Effects
economic: more goods at lower prices
social: available labor leaves farms and clusters in cities
urban blight, pollution
canned food (encourages new industry)
political: surplus labor > mistreated workers > liberalism and communism

14. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
Effects
technological: > railroad, steamship
agricultural: > 2d Agricultural Revolution
increased productivity
use of machinery > larger farms > enclosures
demographic: caused move from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of DTM

15. The Industrial Revolution (cont)
Early Diffusion
eastward to Belgium, France, and Germany (early 1800s; delay due to Napoleonic Wars)
further diffusion to Italy, Netherlands, Russia and Sweden by late 1800s
U.S. not affected by political instability in Europe: diffusion by early 1800s
8,000 spindles of textiles in 1808 > 80,000 spindles by 1811
by Civil War, U.S. was world’s 2d largest industrial power

17. End of Part I

18. Industrial Regions
How can the theme of culture regions be applied to industrial activity?

19. Types of industrial activity
Primary = extracting resources. Ex.?
Secondary = processing stage. Ex?
Tertiary = services
Transportation/Communication
Producer Services
Consumer Services
Each type of industrial activity displays unique spatial patterns, or “industrial regions.”

20. Primary Industry Extract resources
Renewable can be used without being permanently depleted. Risk of overexploitation
Nonrenewable are depleted when used.

21. Secondary Industry A.K.A. “manufacturing”
Traditionally clustered together in several regions
Each region is specialized because each activity has certain requirements; locations are chosen based on how advantageous they are. Ex.?
Regional specialization  core-periphery dynamic (UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT)

22. Secondary Industry (cont)
Global trends since 1950’s
Secondary industry declining in core countries
Factories closing down; people out of work
Core countries retain industries that require highly skilled or artisanal work. Ex. technopoles
Service industry boom
This is called deindustrialization
Core countries entering post-industrial phase
Periphery countries becoming industrialized
Transnational corporations manage a complex business system with multiple specialized locations.  Effect of globalization.

24. Service Industries U.S., Canada, Europe and Japan = postindustrial
Transportation/communication services
Services that facilitate the distribution of goods, services and information to meet the requirements of modern industry.
Regional differences in the relative importance of various modes of transportation. EX Russia = rails; US=highway
Ex.?

25. Service Industries (cont)
Producer services
Required by those who produce goods; necessary for business growth and development
Generally located in the core
Require more educated labor force
Ex.?
Leads to more uneven development; industrialization of LDCs makes them more dependent upon industrial powers.
Information technology – growing field
Requires skilled, creative labor force, and little land
High-tech corridors developing. Ex. “Silicon Valley”

26. Service Industries (cont)
Consumer Services
Services aimed at keeping people healthy, educated, safe and happy.
Ex.?

27. The End