1. Bathymetry and Water Chemistry of the Lucas Pond Mikaela Campbell, Jeff McDonald, Joshua Stedman, & Sierra Grove

2. Background Limnological Chemical and Physical Analyses Temperature profile Dissolved oxygen profile Conductivity profile Light irradiance Total phosphorus Chlorophyll a Importance of Chemical and Physical Analyses Ecological and economical reasons Consequences of Poor Management Algal Blooms Fish Kills Economical impacts www.reefnation.com www.indosupply.com

3. Background Continued Bathymetry Is the study and mapping of underwater depths of a body of water Importance of Bathymetry Navigation Possible fish locations Where aquatic vegetation might occur How did we get this data? www.noaa.gov

4. Lucas Pond

5. Goals Increase Water Quality Create a Sustainable Fishery www.nastaev.com

6. Methods Bathymetric Mapping GPS points and depths recorded using Humminbird 365i dual beam transducer unit Mapped collected points using DrDepth software Water Volume and Sediment Deposition Surface area * avg. depth Sediment depth * area Chemical Water Properties Used YSI-55 to develop profiles Used van Dorn sampler to take triplicate samples of Chlorophyll a and total phosphorus at deepest point within the pond www.stoichiometry.com www.water-research.net

7. Results

9. Physical Results Deepest Point was 7.5ft (~2.5m) Average Secci Depth was 1.29m

10. Physical Results Low Water Volume 9.617e^004 ft 3 Area 2.289e^004 ft 2 Average Depth 4.2ft High Water Volume 1.522e^005 ft 3 Area 3.219e^004 ft 3 Average Depth 4.7ft

11. Results - Total Phosphorous Total P – ranged from 52-60 µg/L Greatest at depth of 1m Also the most varied

12. Results - Chlorophyll-a Ranged form 12.35 (SE 0.33) at the surface to 23.62 (SE 1.18) at 2m of depth. Low Readings Makes sense because of the low P levels

13. Results ● Gathered with a YSI-85 ● Low readings ● Change at 1.5m of depth (µg/L)

14. Discussion - Total Phosphorus and Chlorophyll-a ❏ Total Phosphorus (mean 55.83 µg/L) ❏ Low total phosphorus limits the amount of primary production ❏ Chlorophyll-a (mean 14.91) ❏ Primary production low due to phosphorus limiting ❏ Nutrient Supplementation would increase the available total P and increase 1 o production

15. Discussion - Temperature ❏ Temperature ❏ Isothermic - mean 10.2 o C and 0.27 std dev ❏ In the summer pond may exceed 20 o C and thus would not be suitable for cold water species such as trout

16. Discussion - Oxygen ❏ Oxygen remains high from surface to 2 m (10.85-9.84 mg/L) ❏ 2.5 m drops to 3.5 mg/L creating a habitat that is unsuitable to fish ❏ 0-2 m oxygen levels suitable for fish to occupy ❏ When pond warms, anoxic conditions may exist throughout the pond

17. Management Plan Artificial habitat - fish attractors, blocks, etc. Aeration - Prevent anoxic conditions Nutrient Supplementation Increase food base Stocking of fishes - Sport and Forage maxresdefault.jpg

18. Artificial Submerged Habitat southernsportsmanaquaticsandland.comstructurespot.com

19. Aeration ❏ Improve water quality ❏ Circulate pond and keep nutrients available ❏ Decrease likelihood of winterkill ❏ Increased dissolved oxygen (Willis et al. 2010, Austin et al. 1996) www.a-wfitness.com

20. Aeration organicpond.com

21. Fertilization ❏ Inorganic fertilizer of 20-20-5 (20% N, 20% P 2 0 5, and 5% K20) ❏ Found to support four to five times more biomass than unfertilized ponds (Willis et. al 2010) and has a direct effect on phytoplankton.

22. Fertilization alafarmnews.com

23. Trophy Bass ❏ Stock fingerling largemouth bass after fertilization (Austin et al. 1996) ❏ After four years reduce densities of 20-38 cm LMB to allow for rapid growth of remaining fish ❏ Release fish over 38 cm, except for the occasional trophy (Willis et al. 2010). largestfreshwaterfish.com

24. Forage Fish ❏ Abundant and diverse prey base ❏ Rainbow trout are great option because they will not reproduce in a pond ❏ Alternative angling dnr.maryland.gov

25. Citations Austin, M., H. Devine, L. Goedde, M. Greenlee, T. Hall, L. Johnson, and P. Moser. 1996. Ohio pond management handbook: a guide to managing ponds for attracting wildlife. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Accessed 12/9/13. Burns, N.M., Rockwell, D.C., Bertram, P.E., Dolan, D.M., and Ciborowski, J.J.H. 2005. Trends in temperature, secchi depth, and dissolved oxygen depletion rates in the central basin of Lake Erie, 1983-2002. Journal of Great Lakes Research 31: 35-49. Wetzel, Robert. 2001. Limnology. 3rd Edition. Academic Press. 1066 pp. Wilhelm, F. M. 2013. Lecture. Fish 415 Limnology. University of Idaho Wilhelm, F. M. 2013. Laboratory Session. Fish 415 Limnology. University of Idaho Willis, D.W., R.D. Lusk, J.W. Slipke. 2010. Farm ponds and small impoundments. Pages 501-537 in W.A. Hubert and M.C. Quist, editors. Inland fisheries management in North America, 3rd Edition. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland..