1. The Industrial Revolution & Its Impact on European Society
Chapter 20
The Industrial Revolution & Its Impact on European Society

2. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Origins
Industrial Revolution began sometime after 1750 in Great Britain
By 1850 – G.B. wealthiest country in the world
The Agricultural Revolution was a major factor in the birth of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Changes in methods of farming & livestock breeding made for more productive yields
Crop rotation, enclosed fields, steel tools more common, Tull’s drill
Could now feed more people at lower prices & w/ less labor
more productive & used less labor, people moved to towns to get factory jobs
British families spent less of total income on food, more money to buy manufactured goods
Pop. growth provided pool of surplus labor for new factories
Supply of Capital
Successful farmers from the A.R. had capital to invest in urban industries
Profits from trade & cottage industry
Stable central bank & flexible credit facilities help industrial growth
Early factory owners were merchants & tailors from 18th cent cottage industry

3. Early Industrial Entrepreneurs
Britain had many individuals interested in making a profit
Very hazardous – fortunes lost as quickly as they were gained
Fluid structure of firms – partnerships could end quickly if not productive
Mineral Resources
Great Britain had many natural resources
huge supplies of coal & iron ore (principle raw materials of the IR)
harbors that would be used for ports
rivers that flow year around (provide power & transportation)
public & private resources spent to build roads & bridges
unlike continental countries, no customs barriers to hinder domestic trade

4. Provided favorable business climate
Role of Government
Provided favorable business climate
Passed laws protecting private property & provided stable government
Fewer restrictions on private entrepreneurs than any other European country of the period
Markets
huge supply of markets gave G.B. ready outlet for finished goods
exports quadrupled from 1660 – 1760
merchant marine could transport goods anywhere in world
best markets not in Europe (countries protected own industry)
America, Asia, & Africa (wanted sturdy, inexpensive clothing)
provided by wool or cotton as opposed to silk, etc.
demand from domestic & foreign markets showed inability of the old (cottage) system to fill demand
new methods of manufacturing & inventions developed, initiating the Industrial Revolution

5. Technical Changes & New Forms of Industrial Organization
1770s & 80s – the textile industry took first major step towards the I.R. w/ creation of the modern factory
In early 18th cent, G.B. surged ahead in cotton goods using the cottage method
as the material became more “in-demand” new inventions came into being to increase production
John Kay invented the flying shuttle
(increased the speed of weaving)
James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny
(increased the speed of spinning yarn)
Richard Arkwright invented the water frame
(used water power to run a spinning machine)
Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule
(combined aspects of spinning jenny & water frame)
Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom
(allowed weaving of cloth to catch up w/ speed of spinning)
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin
(could separate seeds from raw cotton 50x faster than a human)

6. more complicated machinery developed as demand increased as well
soon the cottage system could not keep up w/ demand for manufactured goods
led to building of factories in cities or on rivers in the countryside
caused cities to grow & towns developed around new factories
as demand increased, cottage industries were forced out of business.
more complicated machinery developed as demand increased as well
The Steam Engine
1760s – James Watt created a steam engine that pumped water out of mines 3x as fast as earlier engines
1782 – Watt developed a rotary engine that could turn a shaft & drive a machinery
Steam engines fired by coal, didn’t need running water for power
Demand for coal increased, coal prod. quadrupled
revolutionized production of cotton goods
cotton processed so quickly had to be imported to keep up w/ demand
mil lbs., 1787 – 22 mil lbs., 1840 – 366 mil lbs.
allowed factory system to spread to other industries

7. radically transformed during I.R.
Iron Industry
radically transformed during I.R.
iron production changed little from Middle Ages to early 18th cent.
1780s – Henry Cort developed a new method of burning away impurities in pig iron (called puddling)
Caused boom in iron production (caused by demand for machines)
17,000 tons in 1740; 3 million tons in 1852
Revolution in Transportation
: networks of canals were built
Railroads emerged in the 1830s & 40s
Started in Germany in 1500s in mining operations
England in 1600s
1804 – Richard Trevithick produced the first steam powered locomotive (pulled 10 tons of iron ore & 70 people at 5 mph)
1840 – G.B had 2,000 miles of rail
1850 – 6,000 miles of railroad track

8. The Industrial Factory
Factories became the chief means of organizing labor for new machines
workers no longer owned means of production, just paid wages to run machines
Factory sys. needed new type of discipline from workers
owners couldn’t let expensive machines sit idle
workers had to work regulated hours in shifts to keep things production moving at a steady pace
pre-industrial workers & cottage industrialists had a hard time w/ this
to instill such discipline required in some cases very detailed regulations (p.568)
The spread of the Methodist faith helped factory owners of the early I.R. by emphasizing following a disciplined path
laziness & wasteful habits were sinful
acceptance of hardship in this life paved way for joys of the next life
Early industrialists proved successful. The 2nd & 3rd generations of workers looked at a regular work week as part of life.

9. Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851
world’s first industrial fair
held at Kensington in London at the Crystal Palace
covered 19 acres
held 100,000 exhibits
6,000,000 people visited the fair in 6 months
showed the wealth of Britain to the world
Showed that G.B. was the world’s 1st industrial nation
prod. ½ the world’s coal
½ the world’s mfd. goods
G.B. cotton industry = all industry in continental Europe combined

10. The Spread of Industrialization
Industrialization began in G.B., spread to the continental countries of Europe & North America at diff. times
1st European countries – France & the German states
North America – United States
industrialization didn’t spread to other parts of the world until after 1850
Limitations to Industrialization
France & German states didn’t experience the advantages G.B. had
poor roads
problems w/ river transit
toll stations on important rivers
customs barriers between states increased prices of goods
guild restrictions
generally less willing to take a financial gamble
general upheaval from (French Revolutions & Napoleon)
Also in 1815 – cheap British textiles flooded the market hurting the European textile industry
by 1815, British machines were larger & more expensive

11. Borrowing Techniques & Practices
technical inexperience a drawback, but Continental industry could simply borrow from British ideas
to combat this, British artisans were prohibited from leaving the country until 1825.
until 1842, export of British machinery was forbidden
regardless, by British mechanics on the continent & British machinery sold abroad legally or illegally
Role of Government
continental govts. accustomed to playing a role in industry
provided for costs of technical ed., grants for inventors, sometimes financed factories
governments assumed the costs of building canals & railways
introduced tariffs to protect industry from cheap British goods
the Continent also developed joint-stock investment banks
Mobilized the savings of large & small investors back into industry
ex. - Credit Mobilier in France, Darmstadt Bank in Germany

12. Industrial Revolution in the United States
1800 – U.S. agrarian society
No cities population over 100,000
6 of 7 American workers were farmers
By 1860 – tot. pop. grew from 5 million to 30 million
Almost ½ lived west of Appalachian Mts
States had more than doubled (16 > 34)
9 cities over 100,000
only 50% workers were farmers
Steamboats & railroads very important to transportation of goods
Labor came primarily from rural areas
Women made up 80% of labor in textile industry
As rural birth rates began to slow, immigrants replaced women & children in factories
1860 – New England was most industrialized region, per capita 40% higher than nat’l avg
Myth of social mobility based on economic opportunity developed
wealthiest 10% of people in cities controlled 70-80% of wealth

13. Social Impact of the I.R. Population Growth
Total pop. Europe in 1750 – 140 million
1800 – 187 million
1850 – 266 million
Increase in population due to drop in death rate not increase in birthrate
outbreaks of major epidemics decreased
A.R. led to more food, so less death by famine & being better fed, people were more resistant to disease
Irish Potato Famine
Catholic peasants mainly rented from absentee British Protestant lords
Potatoes produced 3 times as much food per acre as grain
Summer 1845 – blight destroyed the potato crop & from over one million Irish starved & over 1 ½ million emigrated to the United States
Emigration
1821 to 1850 – 110,000 immigrants came to U.S. each year
In addition to 1.6 million Irish, there were 935,000 German immigrants from
More often than emigrating, rural poor moved to urban areas to try to reverse their fortunes, so the 19th century was a time of great urbanization

14. ½ of total British pop. lived in cities
The Growth of Cities
By 1800, London pop. 1,000,000 > by 1850 – 2,363,000
½ of total British pop. lived in cities
urban pop. on the Continent increased but less dramatically
Paris 547,000 in 1800
1,000,000 in 1851
Germany & Austria only had 3 cities w/ over 100,000 in 1800
5 by 1850
Living conditions for poor very harsh (cramped & squalor)
Lived close to factories in small apartments
Wealthy middle class lived in individual homes in the suburbs

15. Workers in the Industrial Age
workers often tied to the factory or mine in a sense
needed the job so they wouldn’t quit
often indebted to the company, so they couldn’t quit
horrible working conditions
12-16 hr. workdays, 6 days a week, ½ hr for lunch & dinner
no job security, no minimum wage
worst conditions in cotton mills
dusty, dirty, degrees - 14 hours a day
Coal mines very bad as well
machines only lifted the coal out of the mine to the surface
men, women & children still performed the labor
dangerous: explosions, cave-ins, “bad-air”, dampness & cramped conditions
Child labor favored in cotton mills
easily broken to work, delicate touch, able to climb into cramped spaces
1838 – 29% of textile workers under 18
young as 7 worked hrs, 6 days/week, but paid 1/4 of an adult
some factory owners against child labor, but were pressured by parents

16. Efforts at Reform The Workers
British govt. passed laws outlawing workers associations (1779 & 1780)
Couldn’t stop trade unions from forming in new industries
limited workers’ position by limiting # of people in a trade
worked to gain benefits for members from employers
these unions only worried about members of their own trade
as Unions became more powerful, some were willing to strike
Robert Owen helped create a national union the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834
Luddites were a group that attacked machines in the early 19th cent. because the machines threatened their employment
Chartists made strides to improve workers conditions in the late 1830’s & 1840’s, encouraged change through peaceful means

17. Government Reforms Factory Act of 1833 1842 – Coal Mines Act
1st govt. efforts were a series of Child Labor laws from
limited workday to 12 hrs max
must be at least 9 yrs of age
employers must educate child workers
drawback: no penalty or inspection force for lawbreakers
Factory Act of 1833
strengthened labor legislation
all textile factories now included (factories & in-home workshops)
children 9-13 could only work 8 hrs/day, work 12 hrs/day
appointed inspectors could fine law-breaking owners
1842 – Coal Mines Act
Outlawed employment of boys under 10 & all women in mines
1847 – Ten Hours Act
13 to 18 year olds work day reduced from 12 hours to 10
Women now also included in the 10 hour day