1. True-false questions. ( A point not previously introduced will occasionally be made.) ● That a petroleum liquid approximates in composition to CH 2 is known from the wide and frequent observation that when it burns it yields CO 2 and water vapour in equimolar amounts. ● The Grangemouth refinery came into existence in response to the discovery of N. Sea oil. ● When post-combustion gas is dried a quantity of water vapour in phase equilibrium with the liquid remains. ● Other things being equal, natural gas leaves a larger carbon footprint than petroleum. ● Other things being equal, biomass fuel produces significantly more carbon dioxide than coal. ● An explosion at a large refinery can have a blast of the order of magnitude associated with nuclear weapons.

2. ● National electricity suppliers in the EU who use biomass fuel are free to obtain it from wherever they wish. ● E85 in retail sale will not necessarily contain exactly 85% ethanol. ● Gas obtained by reacting coke with steam will have a calorific value of about 20 MJ m -3 ● 5 m.p.h. would be typical for the flow speed of oil along a pipeline. ● Commercial aircraft contribute about 10% to the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. ● The process of trans-esterification of a biodiesel with methanol to raise the cetane number entails loss of carbon neutrality to a degree of about 5%.

3. ● Bituminous coal has a carbon content in excess of 90%. ● Gas made by steam gasification of coal or coke is called blue water gas. ● Natural gas always attracts a much lower price on a heat basis than crude oil. ● Carbon-neutral fuel gas can be made by gasification of solid biomass.