1. PAAL Training ABA 101
Kaori G. Nepo, M.Ed.,BCBA

2. Training Objective Reinforcement/ Punishment Extinction
Learn Basic ABA terms and understand how to apply ABA procedures.
Reinforcement/ Punishment
Extinction
Motivating Operation
Shaping
Chaining
Prompting
Data collection

3. Applied Behavior Analysis
“ABA is the science in which tactics deprived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.”
(Cooper, Heron, & Howard, 1987)

4. Why ABA? It is way of life “IT WORKS!!!!!” Evidence Based Measureable
Observable
Data driven decision making
Repeatable

5. History
Watson: (Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, 1913) S-R Behaviorism Skinner: (The Behavior of Organism, 1938) Respondent Conditioning Operant Conditioning Radical Behaviorism-include private events

6. Respondent Conditioning
US UR NS +

7. Respondent Conditioning
US UR
CS CR NS

8. Operant Conditioning
Arrangement of resulting stimuli/ consequences to change future occurrences of voluntary behavior
Three-term contingency
Four-term contingency
Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction

9. Three-Term Contingency
A(SD) – B(R) – C(SR+/SR-/SP+/SP-) Antecedent: a stimulus which occurs before a behavior Behavior/ Response: movement or action by an individual Consequences: a stimulus which is produced by a behavior

10. Four-Term Contingency
MO A-B-C
Motivating Operation (MO): the environmental changes that alter the reinforcing value of stimulus (and the frequency of a behavior)
EO: Establishing Operation
AO: Abolishing Operation

11. Stimulus Control
Contingent Relationship between antecedent stimulus an a response (behavior): The presence of antecedent stimulus alter the behavior in frequency, duration, latency, or intensity
SD (Discriminative Stimulus): in the presence a behavior will be reinforced
S∆: in the presence a behavior will not be reinforced
Examples: Sd (verbal direction, the presence of clerk…), Sdelta (

12. Responses/Behaviors Function-Based (obtain/escape/avoid)
the purpose of the behavior/ effect on the environment
Topography-Based
the shape or form of the behavior

13. Target Behaviors
Assessment (interview/ check list/ standardized test/ observation/ ecological assessment )
To increase or to decrease
Operational Definition
Objective: observable and measurable
Clarity: unfamiliar observers can identify
Completeness: clear boundaries, time frame
Provide concrete examples of a target behavior in order to minimize disagreements among observers as to the behavior’s occurance.

14. Reinforcement Future likelihood of behavior increases by
Positive Reinforcement: the contingent presentation of a stimulus (SR+), immediately following a response (R)
Negative Reinforcement: the contingent removal of an aversive stimulus (SR-) immediately following a response (R)

15. Reinforcers SR Primary/ Unconditioned
(food, water, sleep, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation)
Secondary/ Conditioned
(edible, tangible, sensory, activity oriented, social, generalized)

16. Schedule of Reinforcement
CRF: Continuous Reinforcement (FR1)
INT: Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement
FR: Fixed Ratio Schedule
VR: Variable Ratio Schedule
FI: Fixed Interval Schedule
VI: Variable Interval Schedule
Compound Schedule (c.f. concurrent, multiple,
chained, mixed, tandem, alternative)

18. Stimulus Preference Assessment
Ask
Target Person (open-ended, choice, rank-ordering)
significant others
pretask choice
Free Operant
contrived observation (predetermined set)
naturalistic observation
Trial Based
Single Stimuli
Paired Stimuli
Multiple Stimuli
Pretask choice: choice from menu
Free operant
Contrived observation: pre and non-contingent exposure to choices
Naturalistic observation: observation in natural environments
Trial based
Single stimuli: present a stimuli and record reaction
Paired stimuli (forced choice): present 2 stimuli and record the stimulus chosen
Multiple stimuli: present 3 or more stimuli
Guidelines EO
Cost-benefit
Ranking or no-ranking
Combine with multiple assessment methods

19. Reinforcer Assessment
Concurrent Schedule:
two or more reinforcers for two or more behaviors
Multiple Schedule:
two or more schedule of reinforcement for a behavior
Progressive Ratio Schedule:
requirement for reinforcement will increase over time
Concurrent Schedule: compare effectiveness of two stimuli
Multiple Schedule: Sd-R-Sr, S-R-NCR
Progressive Ratio: response requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time independent of the participant’s behavior
FR1-FR2-FR5-FR10….

20. Use Reinforcers Effectively
Timing
Consistency
Amount
Quality
Variety (EO)
Novelty
Concurrent Schedule
Generalization
Timing: immediacy leads stronger contingent relationship between behavior and reinforcer
Consistency: especially important during skill acquisition
Amount: balance between effort and consequence
Quality: individual preference
Variety
Novelty: Hall and Hall (1980)
Concurrent schedule: c.f. FR3 vs. VI2

21. Punishment Future likelihood of behavior will decrease by
Positive Punishment: the contingent presentation of an aversive stimulus (SP+) immediately following a response (R)
Negative Punishment: the contingent removal of a stimulus (SP-)immediately following a response (R)

22. Punisher SP Primary/ Unconditioned
(pain, odors, tastes, physical restraint, loss of bodily support, extreme muscular effort)
Secondary/ Conditioned
(reprimands, response blocking, contingent exercise, overcorrection-restitutional/positive practice)

23. Extinction
The frequency of the previously reinforced behavior decreases or ceases by discontinuing reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
escape extinction
sensory extinction
Extinction Burst
Spontaneous Recovery

24. Frequency of Hitting
Sessions

25. Behavior Reduction Procedure
Differential Reinforcement
DRI:
DRA:
DRO (FI-DRO, VI-DRO, FM-DRO, VM-DRO)
DRL (full-session DRL, interval DRL, spaced-responding DRL)

26. Data Collection Direct Measurement Direct Observational Recording
Permanent Products (written sample)
Direct Observational Recording
Event Recording
Duration Recording
Latency Recording
Inter Response Time (IRT)
Interval Recording (whole or partial)
Momentary Time Sampling

27. Data Collection Frequency/ Rate/ Percentage/ Fluency
Summary
Frequency/ Rate/ Percentage/ Fluency
Graphing (independent variable/dependent variable)
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
Analysis
(base line/treatment, variability, trend-ascending/descending, level, internal/external validity)

28. Data Collection ..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\data collection1.mpg
..\My Pictures\ \Interval Recording video.mpg

29. Graphs

30. Shaping
Differential reinforcement of successive approximation to the terminal behavior
Topography
Frequency
Latency
Duration
Magnitude

31. Prompting Response Prompts Pictorial/Textual Modeling
Supplementary S to increase likelihood of correct responses
Response Prompts
Pictorial/Textual
Verbal (full or partial)
Modeling
Physical guidance (Full or Partial)

32. Prompting Stimulus Prompts Movement cues/ Gestrual Position cues
Redundancy cues
color
size
shape
Provide response and stimulus prompts before or during the performance of a behavior. Response prompts operate directly on the response. Stimulus prompts operate directly on the antecedent task stimuli to cue a correct response in conjunction with the critical Sd.

33. Examples Pictorial/ Textual Verbal Gestural Modeling Physical Guidance
..\My Pictures\ \ mpg

34. Prompt Fading : Gradual Removal of prompts Most to Least Least to Most
Decreasing Assistance
Graduated Guidance: fade physical prompts
Time Delay
Increasing Assistance

35. Behavior Chain
: a particular sequence of responses within a complex skill in which completion of a response serves as a conditioned reinforcer as well as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain. S1 S2 S3 S4 R1 R2 R3 R4 SR

36. Task Analysis Example: TA for brushing teeth
: breaking down a complex task into simple and smaller units
Example:
TA for brushing teeth

37. Brushing Teeth
hygiene\ mpg

38. Teaching Behavior Chains
Total-Task Chaining/ Total-Task Presentation
Forward Chaining
Backward Chaining:
Backward Chaining with Leap Ahead

39. Developing Objectives
Objectives include…
Conditions: antecedents (given directions or situation)
Student
Behavior: observable, measurable /quantifiable
Criterion: accuracy, frequency, duration, latency
Let’s Develop Objectives for ….
Prompts, reinforcers, schedule of reinforcement,

40. Let’s Begin Our Journey