1. AOE 3054 Spectral Analysis & Programming Options

2. Spectral Analysis Lab Agenda 1.Spectral Analysis and Aliasing 2.Experiment 6b LabView Preparation 3.6b Experimental Idea- Impulse Input (Optional) 2

3. Spectral Analysis Often, you will sample a signal that is not a simple sine or cosine wave but a combination of several. Fourier’s theorem states that any waveform in the time domain (that is, one that you can see on an oscilloscope) can be represented by the weighted sum of sines and cosines. The combined waveform appears in the frequency domain as amplitude and phase values at each component frequency. Open ExampleVI.vi and run the vi. Adjust the 3 frequencies. What does the code do?

4. Spectral Analysis

5. Now add a spectral measurements VI to the block diagram (Express>Signal Analysis>Spectral Analysis). Select Magnitude (Peak), Result>Linear and Windowing>None on the pop up window. Input the combined signal wire into the Spectral Measurements VI and add graphical indicators to the phase and FFT outputs. This should result in….

6. Spectral Analysis Amplitude and phase spectra obtained from the Spectral express VI (Express>Signal Analysis>Spectral)

7. Spectral Analysis Exercises Vary the frequencies of the signals and understand what is happening to the amplitude and phase spectra.

8. Spectral Analysis - Aliasing Open the Aliasing LLB (LabView Library File), then double click on the Aliasing.VI in the LLB manager screen. Follow the instructions under the “Description” section of the program, which provide a number of different exercises to learn about aliasing in experiments.

9. Spectral Analysis - Aliasing

10. Aliasing Exercise Vary the signal frequency for a fixed sampling rate until the signal is greater than half the sampling rate. –What is happening to the sampled frequency in the spectrum? –Can you relate this to the way the spectrum is computed?

11. Spectral Analysis Lab Agenda 1.Spectral Analysis and Aliasing 2.Experiment 6b LabView Preparation 3.6b Experimental Idea- Impulse Input (Optional) 11

12. Experiment 6 Digital Introduction In the second Instrumentation Lab (Experiment 6a), you manually controlled a function generator to excite a beam and used an oscilloscope to measure the response of that beam. Week 5’s Instrumentation Lab is essentially a redo of the first Experiment 6, but will incorporate new digital measurement techniques to automate most of the data taking. 12

13. Experiment 6 Digital Introduction Specifically, you will be using the myDAQ to output a voltage signal that will control the function generator. The myDAQ will also measure the function generator output as well as the output from the proximeter. The code you create will cycle through output voltages until the resonant frequency is found. All operations will be controlled via Labview, using a code that will be created today. Further details of Experiment 6 Digital can be found on the course website. 13

14. Automated Data Acquisition We will write a code that sweeps frequency and looks for resonance. LabView is not a linear programming language. You can add various functions on your block diagram and they will be all run simultaneously. To find the resonant frequency we need to perform the following operations in a specific order: –Adjust the frequency on the function generator using the MyDAQ analog output –Let the beam adjust to the new frequency –Take measurements using the MyDAQ analog inputs

15. Automated Data Acquisition Flat Sequence (Programming> Structures> Flat Sequence) The flat sequence consists of a series of frames or actions that are executed sequentially. Frame 1 will be executed and then Frame 2. Add frames before or after an existing frame by right clicking on either the right or left boundary of the frame, respectively. The frames execute from left to right. Add three frames to a blank vi. This will be the building block for your code this week. Frame 1 Frame 2

16. Frame 1 Frame 1 will be used to set the frequency of the signal output by the function generator, which drives the beam. Open your final VI from last instrumentation lab. Copy over the modified HW 2 subVI and DAQ assistant- the ones that convert a frequency to voltage and output it- to the Block Diagram of a new VI. Double check that the DAQ assistant is set to output a voltage on the AO0 channel (refer to previous lectures on how to do this). Label the numeric control input as “Starting Frequency” and place it outside of the frame structure. A picture of this is shown on the next slide.

17. Frame 1

18. Frame 2 The purpose of Frame 2 is to intentionally set a delay between Frame 1, which changes the forcing frequency on the beam, and Frame 3, which measures the response of the beam. This time delay allows the beam to adjust to the new frequency and settle into a consistent sinusoidal response pattern. From your Block Diagram, right click to bring up your Functions Palette. Then, go to Programming->Timing->Wait (ms), and drag and drop into Frame 2. Create an input control to the function, and keep the label as the default “milliseconds to wait.” How many ms is sufficient? That can be something you test in 6b to find out.

19. Frame 3 In Frame 3, the excitation frequency output from the function generator and the beam response, output by the proximeter, will be measured for a specified number of samples. Copy and paste your final code from the previous instrumentation lab into Frame 3. Delete the components that were already copied over to Frame 1. Right click the edge of the while loop and click “Replace with for loop”. Note: You’ll likely have to drag and expand the size of your frame structures to include everything.

20. Frame 3

21. Create a numeric indicator to control the upper count limit of the for loop. Label it “Number of Measurements”. This is not to be confused with the “number of samples” already wired into the DAQ Assistant. To clarify, for each iteration of the for loop, the DAQ samples N “number of samples” to output a value for the excitation and response amplitude, frequency, and phase. The number of total iterations is set by M “Number of Measurements”. Also remember that all of this is occurring for a single excitation frequency. How large must M and N be to obtain accurate answers? That can be something you investigate during lab 6b.

22. Frame 3 After N iterations of the for loop, we wish to average the results to obtain a single value for both the excitation frequency and response amplitude. To do this, we must use shift registers and arrays in a similar manner as Homework 4. Create two “Initialize Arrays” and place them outside the loop on the left. Create a constant of 0 to wire in to the initialization value input of the arrays. Wire these arrays to your for loop. Make sure you add shift registers (right click on the for loop wall). Refer to the HW 4 help Powerpoint for a refresher on any of these materials.

23. Frame 3

24. Next we need to add somewhere to store each excitation frequency/response amplitude value from each iteration of the loop. To do this, create two “Insert into Arrays” (Programming->Array) inside the for loop. Wire the loop iteration counter into the “Index” input for each array. Wire the previous arrays from the shift registers on the left into the “array” input on each “Insert into Array”. Wire the excitation frequency output from the subVI into the “New Element” input of the top array. Wire the response amplitude output from the subVI into the “New Element” input of the bottom array. Wire the output arrays to their respective Shift Registers at the right side of the for loop.

25. Frame 3

26. Now, we need to average the results from the arrays. Add two “Mean” functions (Mathematics->Probability and Statistics -> Mean) outside of the for loop on the right. Wire the outputs from the for loop (at the shift registers) into these functions. Wire the mean outputs to the wall of the frame structure. Create an indicator for the response amplitude, label it “Mean Resp. Amplitude”

27. Frame 3

28. Automating the Code The code, as currently written, will excite the beam at a given frequency (controlled by a single numerical input) and measure the excitation signal and beam response for that frequency. We need to write code that will sweep through to find the resonant frequency. Our approach is based on the fact that the beam’s response amplitude is at a maximum at resonance.

29. Automating the Code First, create a while loop around the entire code so far except for the Starting Frequency control. We will use the while loop to start at a low input frequency, sweep through excitation frequencies and stop when resonance is reached.

30. Automating the Code

31. We want to set the input frequency to increase each time the code is executed. To do this, create a numeric control inside Frame 1 and label it “Freq. Increment”. Multiply this number with the while loop counter (The blue icon at the bottom left of the loop). Add this number to the initial frequency input. This way, each time the loop executes it increases the excitation frequency by the frequency increment.

32. Automating the Code

33. Next, we need to set our condition for stopping the loop. We want this to occur when the response amplitude reaches a maximum. We will stop the loop when the response amplitude begins to decrease. To do this, right click on the right side of the while loop and “Add shift register”. Note that it will appear black for the time being. Wire the mean response amplitude output from Frame 3 to the shift register. This sends the final response value from one iteration back to the start of the next iteration. Underneath Frame 3, add a <=). Wire the final mean response amplitude value to the top input of the <=, and wire the previous iteration’s mean response from the shift register on the left end of the while loop to the bottom input of the comparison. Wire the Boolean output of this comparison to the “Stop” of the while loop at the bottom right. With this logic, the code will stop as soon as the response amplitude for a given excitation frequency is less than the previous excitation frequency.

34. Automating the Code

35. Finally, we need a way to display the resonant frequency. This is slightly difficult, because the code won’t actually stop running until the iteration after the actual resonant frequency. Create another shift register on the while loop, and wire the mean excitation frequency output in Frame 3 to the right shift register. Underneath Frame 3, but still inside the while loop, add a case structure (Structures->Case Structure). Inside the case structure, with the top option set to “True”, add a numeric indicator and name it “Resonance”. Make sure nothing is inside the “False” option. Wire the Boolean output from the response amplitude comparison to the T/F input of the case structure. Wire the excitation frequency shift register on the left side of the while loop to the “Resonance” indicator. This excitation frequency will be the frequency from the code’s previous iteration- in our case, the actual excitation frequency.

36. Automating the Code Excitation frequency Response amplitude

37. Wrapping Up Now, all the pieces of the lab 6b code are put together. Study each component of the code and make sure you understand exactly what is going on. Don’t hesitate to ask questions if something isn’t clear. You will also have to go to your VI Front Panel and organize the graphs and indicators. If you finished early, use the rest of the time to prepare for lab 6b. Think of some new goals you can accomplish using the automated code and myDAQ’s that weren’t possible using the analog equipment. Feel free to modify the code you just created as well to do additional things. A complete picture of the code is found on the next slide. Also included, starting on slide 37, is an exercise to excite the beam via an impulse force and measure the sinusoidal decay. Your myDAQ’s will be collected at the end of Week 5’s lab session. Make sure all of the components of the myDAQ are collected in the box you received it in.

38. Complete Code

39. Spectral Analysis Lab Agenda 1.Spectral Analysis and Aliasing 2.Experiment 6b LabView Preparation 3.6b Experimental Idea- Impulse Input (Optional) 39

40. Impulse Input In this test, instead of measuring the response of the beam to a sinusoidal excitation, we will measure the response of the beam to an initial impulse. In theory, a pure impulse function will set an initial velocity to the system. After the initial impulse, there are no outside forces on the system besides the damping and spring forces, and the system will vibrate at its damped natural frequency.

41. Experimental Setup You will have to power the beam proximeters, and set up the myDAQ to measure the output of the proximeter. Connect the Power Supply to the proximeter and set it up for the correct output voltage. Remember to take into account whether you are using the NEW or OLD proximeter. Refer to previous lecture slides for instructions on properly connecting the devices.

42. myDAQ Connections Connect your myDAQ to your computer using the USB port. Open LabView and your functional Homework 3 VI 42

43. myDAQ Connections BEFORE turning any of the equipment on, make sure that you do not supply more than 20V to the myDAQ through its analog inputs (myDAQ Overvoltage protection: +/-30V, 20 Vrms) This will require connecting the response signal to the oscilloscope and measuring amplitudes before connecting the myDAQ. 43

44. myDAQ Connections: Response Attach the output BNC connector of the proximeter to a BNC-to-clipping- probe connector using a T-connector Then connect the T-connector to Channel 2 on the oscilloscope 44 Proximeter Output BNC to clipping probe (to myDAQ) To Ch1 on Oscilloscope

45. Providing the “Impulse” We will approximate an impulse force by simply plucking the end of the beam. Before you connect the proximeter to the myDAQ, watch the proximeter signal response on the oscilloscope to make sure its voltages stay within the +/- 10V range. You will have to practice to make sure you don’t hit the beam too hard (see video to the right).

46. myDAQ Connections: Response When you know that the response will be within range, clip the two ends of the probe coming from the proximeter to wires and attach to the myDAQ AI1 channel. Make sure the red clip goes to the 1+ channel, and black to the 1-. You can use the Homework 3 code to measure the response. In this case, the “excitation” signal will just be noise and can be disregarded. Set the sampling rate to a sufficient time to be able to measure the entire response signal. Run your code, pluck the beam, and measure the response. An example output is seen on the next slide. 46

47. Impulse Function Response From this, how can you determine the damped natural frequency? And how can that be used to measure the damping and spring constants? That is up to you to determine for next week’s lab.

48. Wrapping Up II Once again, all the pieces of the lab 6b code are put together. You now have all the tools to create various codes that will excited the beam at various frequencies and determine the system characteristics (b,m, and k). Think of some new goals you can accomplish using the automated code, today’s lesson, and the myDAQ’s that weren’t possible using the analog equipment. Feel free to modify the code you just created as well to do additional things. Your myDAQ’s will be collected at the end of Week 5’s lab session. Make sure all of the components of the myDAQ are collected in the box you received it in.