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Headache and Facial pain Dr. Abdulrahman Hagr MBBS FRCS(c) Assistant Professor King Saud University Otolaryngology Consultant Otologist, Neurotologist & Skull Base Surgeon King Abdulaziz Hospital
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Headache and Facial pain Dr. Abdulrahman Hagr MBBS FRCS(c) Assistant Professor King Saud University Otolaryngology Consultant Otologist, Neurotologist & Skull Base Surgeon King Abdulaziz Hospital
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Epidemiology 75% of adults have at least one headache/year 10% will seek physician evaluation 10% have emergent secondary cause
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Headache Classification Primary v Secondary Paroxysmal v Chronic Episodic v Recurrent Mild to moderate v Moderate to severe
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History
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Headache history Onset Site Character Duration Frequency Diurnal pattern Associated symptoms Aggravating factors Relieving factors Treatment Ideas
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Headache pattern Acute Intermittent Chronic
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History Where does it hurt? –Unilateral/bilateral –Frontal/occipital/facial What is the character of the pain? –Pulsatile –Steady –Shocklike –Tightness
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History What other symptoms do you experience? Nausea Vomiting LOC Flushing Lacrimation Drop attack Neck stiffness Photophobia Dizziness
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Physical Exam
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Vital signs –fever, hypertension, hypoxia Head/face –trauma, bruits, tenderness Eyes –conjunctiva, cornea, pupils, fundi:papilledema Ears –OM or hemotympanum Mouth –Teeth, TMJ
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Physical Exam Neck –pain/stiffness/tenderness –Carotid and/or vertebral bruits Skin –rash Neurologic –Mental status –Pupils, EOM, Visual fields –Focal deficits –Horner's syndrome –Ataxia
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Diagnostic Alarms Onset after age 50 Sudden onset Increased frequency and severity New onset with risk factors for HIV or cancer Associated with systemic illness (fever, meningismus, rash) Altered consciousness or focal neurologic deficits Papilledema Significant trauma
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Diagnostic Studies
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Computerized tomography –Hemorrhage, tumor, abscess, AVM Lumbar puncture –Hemorrhage, infection, increased CSF pressure Limited indications for MRI, MRA, or Angiography Laboratory studies based on suspected etiologies – ESR: Temporal arteritis – Carboxy-hemoglobin: Carbon monoxide
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Primary Headache Migraine Tension Cluster
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Tension Headache 10+ episodes 30 min- 7 days 2 of the following Bilateral Non-pulsating pressure Mild/moderate intensity Unrelated to activity Both of the following No nausea or vomiting Either one of photophobia or phonophobia
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Migraine Without Aura At least 5 attacks Duration Headache attacks lasting 4 hours to 3 days (untreated). Pain characteristics (at least 2+) Pulsating quality Limited Activity Unilateral location Stairs Aggravation Associated symptoms (at least 1) Nausea, vomiting, or both Photophobia or phonophobia H&P and Dx tests do not suggest underlying disease (0) 5, 4, 3, 2+, 1 & 0
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International Headache Society Diagnostic criteria for migraine without aura A. At least 5 attacks fulfilling B–D. B. Headache attacks lasting 4 hours to 3 days (untreated). C. Headache has at least 2 of the following characteristics: (+ plus) 1. Unilateral location 2. Pulsating quality 3. Moderate or severe intensity (Limit daily activities) 4. Aggravation by stairs or similar routine physical activity D. During headache at least 1 of the following: 1. Nausea or vomiting 2. Photophobia and phonophobia Ruled out other disorderby appropriate investigations (0)
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Migraine With Aura Aura characertistics (At least 3 ) 1.One or more aura symptoms Fully reversible Indicating focal cerebral cortical or brain-stem dysfunction 2.At least 1 aura symptom develops gradually over >4 minutes or 2 or more symptoms occur in succession 3.Headache begins within 60 minutes of aura onset 4.No single aura symptom lasts > 60 minutes
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Migraine Triggers Sleep deprivation/excess Caffeine ingestion or caffeine withdrawal Fasting Sex hormones Most migraines have no trigger Strong familial pattern
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Cluster Headache Rare, 0.4% population Lasting 15-180 minutes Severe Unilateral, orbital or temporal pain 1 every other day to 8/day ( Cluster ) Secondary to trigeminal nerve dysfunction
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Cluster Headache Associated with Conjunctival injection Lacrimation Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea Miosis, Ptosis
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Treatment of Primary Headache Tension Oral Analgesics (NSAIDS, Acetaminophen) Migraine NSAIDS Reglan or compazine (10 mg IV ) Serotonin agonists Sumitriptan Narcotics IV or IM Cluster 100% oxygen Intranasal lidocaine ? NSAIDS Migraine specific therapies
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Red Flags for Headache Sudden Onset: –SAH –AVM –Mass lesion Worsening pattern: –Mass –SDH –Medication overuse
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Red Flags for Headache Focal neuro signs: –Mass lesion –AVM –Collagen vascular disease –CVA Trigger with cough, exertion, valsalva: – SAH –Mass –Sinusitis
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Red Flags for Headache Headache with fever, stiff neck or rash: –Meningitis –Encephalitis –Systemis infection –Collagen vascular disease –Arteritis
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Headache Classification Critical Secondary Vascular –Hemorrhage –Stroke –Cavernous Sinus thrombosis –AVM –Temporal Arteritis –Carotid or Vertebral Artery Dissection CNS Infection Tumor
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Headache Classification Critical Secondary (cont) Endocrine Metabolic Non-CNS Infections Opthalmic Drug Related Toxic
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Secondary Headache Temporal arteritis Mass lesions Tumor, abscess, arteriovenous malformation Metabolic Hypoglycemia, fever, hypothyroid, anemia Glaucoma
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Secondary Headache Trigeminal Neuralgia Post-concussion syndrome Sinusitis without complication Post-lumbar puncture Diet Medications Fatigue, postexertion, postcoital
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Tear in –Middle meningeal artery –Dural sinus rarely Direct trauma with –LOC Lucid interval Coma Lethargy, vomiting, ipsilateral dilated pupil (herniation) Epidural Hematoma
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Subdural Hematoma Hematoma between dura mater and subarachnoid History of –Falls –Head trauma –Elderly –Anticoagulation
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Subdural Hematoma Suspect –Bruise –Scalp laceration –Lethargy –Vomiting –Ipsilateral dilated pupil Treatment: –Support ABCs –Definitive treatment is neurosurgical evacuation
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 1/10,000 in U.S. Young, median age 50 50% mortality at 6 months 50% with initially normal exam, vitals, absence of neck stiffness Caused by anneurysm or AVM rupture Diagnosis: CT detects 93% in 24hr Treatment: support ABCs, definitive treatment is coiling or clipping
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Stroke 80% ischemic Hemorrhagic –HTN, elderly, prior CVA, bleeding diathesis, vascular malformation, cocaine use Embolus –A-fib, Valve replacement, recent MI, HTN, CAD, DM
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Assessment Level of Consciousness Vision (fields and eye movement) Motor (strength, pronator drift) Cerebellar function (gait, finger to nose,….) Sensation Language –Dysarthria: inability to articulate –Aphasia: defect in language processing Cranial Nerve
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Temporal Arteritis 20 per 100,000 > 50 Y Women>men Risk for blindness if untreated Dx ESR, Biopsy for definitive diagnosis, Treatment with steroids
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Temporal Arteritis Autoimmune Vasculitis characterized by Temporal headache Visual disturbance (amaurosis fugax) Claudication (masseter, temporalis tongue) Scalp tenderness Pulsating temporal artery (absent late stage) Decreased visual acuity Weakness Weight loss
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Carotid or Vertebral Dissection Characterized by –Headache –Vertigo –Unilateral Horner Syndrome Suspect if sudden neck rotation or extension urgent imaging and neurosurgery
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CNS Infection Meningitis: inflammation of arachnoid and pia mater caused by bacteria, virus or fungi Headache, stiff neck, fever, chills, photophobia, confusion, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting, seizures (more common in children), rash, petechiae, Brudzinski or Kernig signs Protect yourself first –Fever + headache = mask
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Brudzinski’s and Kernig’s signs Both signs of meningeal irritation Kernig’s sign: Resistance to extension of the leg while the hip is flexed Brudzinski’s sign: Flexion of the hips and knees in response to neck flexion
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Non-CNS Infection Viral syndromes Bacteremia Fever may often cause generalized headache
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Opthalmic Glaucoma Acute angle closure: obstruction of aqueous humor outflow leading to increased intraocular pressure and possible blindness Associated with –Sudden onset painful vision loss –Nausea, vomiting –Somnolence Exam with –Decreased vision –Conjunctival injection, hazy cornea, –Dilated unreactive pupil
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Opthalmic Iritis : inflamation of the Iris –Risk if sarcoid, STDs, collagen vascular dz –Blurred vision, deep eye pain, photophobia, red eye –Exam with conjunctival injection, cell and flare Optic Neuritis Needs emergent opthomology referral
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Non-CNS Infection Sinusitis Fever, malaise, Anosmia Toothache Purulent discharge Postnasal drip Sore throat, facial pain/pressure
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Non-CNS Infection Sinusitis Treatment Antibiotics Nasal decongestants Antipyretics for fever and analgesia
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Non-CNS Infections Dental Infections (Caries and/or periapical abscess) Toothache Jaw pain Earache Tooth tender to percussion
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Non-CNS Infections Treatment involves –Covering exposed tooth –Analgesia –Abscess drainage
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Ear Infections Otitis Media – middle ear infection Ear pain/fullness Decreased hearing Vertigo Fever Treatment with Antibiotics Antipyretics
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Ear Infections Otitis Externa – External Ear infection –Itching –Decreased hearing –Fever –Tender external ear. Treated with –Antibiotic drops. –Caution if diabetic for malignant OE
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Raised pressure headache Non-specific Aggravated by –Bending –Coughing –Sneezing –Waking Associated with N&V, visual blurring Papilloedema
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Cases
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Case #1 CHARACTERTHROBBING QUALITY UNILATERAL SEVERITYDISABLING ONSETMAXIMAL IN 1 HOUR DURATIONHOURS RELIEFNSAID INADEQUATE FREQUENCY2-4 PER WEEK
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DIAGNOSIS #1 MIGRAINE
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Cases 2 y M Fever Stiff neck L.O.C +ve Kernig’s sign
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Thanks
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