1. Cytoskeleton

2. Mobility of Cells
Crawling ameoba.mov
neutrophil chase.mov
Beating heart cell.mov
Adhesion between cells.mov

7. The cytoskeleton is responsible for the organisation of the organelles inside a cell. It is the bulk of the cell and assists with cell motility, mitosis and meiosis, and maintaining the shape and stability of the cell. The cytoskeleton is made up of long fibres of polymers and subunits that form into one of the following:
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments

8. Microtubules
Microtubules are long, straight, hollow and rigid cylinders of about 25nm in diameter.
They are constructed of alternating identical subunits of alpha and beta protein tubulin, forming a protofilament.

9. Its walls are made up of 13 protofilaments which correlate with one another laterally and the filament is able to increase or decrease in length by adding or removing proteins.

12. Polymerization of tubulin in vitro

13. The model for dynamic instability of individual microtubules.

15. The model for dynamic instability of individual microtubules.

16. Microtubules are highly labile structures that are sensitive to specific antimitotic drugs
Chemical structures of colchicine(秋水仙碱) and taxol(紫杉醇)

17. Microtubules are dynamic structure which is seen in bundles and found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. microtubule dynamic in vivo.mov

18. Microtubules growing from the centrosome.
Normal tissue-culture cell
(B) The cell were treated with colcemid for 1 hour to depolymerize their microtubules and were then allowed to recover; microtubules appear first in a starlike aster and then elongate toward the periphery of the cell
Microtubules growing from the centrosome.
Centrosome－Microtubules Organizing Center
centrosome

19. Microtubule-associated proteins
MAP-1
MAP-2
Tau
MAP-4
MAPs bind to microtubules and modify their properties.

21. Functions of Microtubules
Maintenance of the cell morphology
Cilia and flagella and centrioles are made from microtubule
Maintenance organelles position and organelles movement
Membrane vesicle and protein transport
Chromosome movement and regulation of mitosis
Cell signal transduction

22. Microtubules help maintain the shape of the cell and act as tracks along which organelles can move.
Kinesin and Dynein

23. Centrioles
Centrioles are short cylinders with a pattern of microtubule triplets.
Centrioles may be involved in microtubule formation and disassembly during cell division and in the organization of cilia and flagella.

27. The interphase array of microtubules in a cultured fibroblast

28. Cilia and flagella
Cilia (small and numerous) and flagella (large and single) have a pattern of microtubules and are involved in cell movement.
Cilia and flagella move when the microtubule doublets slide past one another.
Each cilium and flagellum has a basal body at its base.
Basal bodies have the same microtubule arrangement as centrioles and are believed to be derived from them. The basal body initiates polymerization of the nine outer doublets of a cilium or flagellum.

34. Microfilaments
Microfilaments are left-handed helices formed by two-strands of F-actin (fibrinous-actin) polymers.These are composed of rough spherical G-actin (globular-actin) monomers.
They are the thinnest of the three cytoskeleton filaments and are about 8nm in diameter.

36. The trapping of ADP in an actin filament
The trapping of ADP in an actin filament. An actin molecule has a structure with two domains that are hinged around an ATP-binding site. The bound ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP immediately after the molecule becomes incorporated into an actin filament. In order for the ADP to be replaced by ATP, the hinge would have to open.

37. Three-dimensional structure of an actin molecule
Three-dimensional structure of an actin molecule. Each actin molecule is a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long that has a molecule of ATP tightly associated with it.

38. (B) Actin molecule has the binding site for ATP
(C) Actin molecule interact with each other to
form helical polymer
(D) Minus end and Plus end

39. The time course of actin polymerization in a test tube

40. Specific drugs change the state of actin polymerization and thereby affect cell behavior
Cytochalasins-- to bind specifically to the fast-growing plus ends of actin filaments, preventing the addition of actin molecules.
Phalloidin—to stabilize actin filaments and inhibits their depolymerization.

42. The bulk of these filaments are anchored to the cytoplasmic side of cell plasma membranes and its nearby structures. The rest is evenly distributed throughout the cell.

45. Functions of microfilaments
Maintenance of the cell shape
Muscle contraction
Cell division-contractile ring
Cell movements-cyclosis, ruffled membrane locomotion, phagocytosis
Cell signal transduction: Rho-GTPase
Membrane vesicle and protein transport

46. Actin filaments play a structural role in intestinal microvilli and also interact with motor molecules, such as myosin.
actin_dynamics.mov

47. Actin filaments can form both stable and labile structures in cells.
Stable actin filaments form the core of microvilli (微绒毛)and are a crucial component of the contractile apparatus of muscle cells. Many cell movements, however, depend on labile structures constructed from actin filaments.

49. Microvilli

58. Intermediate Filaments
Intermediate filaments are rope like polymers of fibrous polypeptides.
They are 10nm in diameter and are therefore intermediate in thickness between microfilaments and microtubules.

59. Intermediate filaments are composed of nuclear lamins, keratins, type III intermediate filaments, neurofilaments. They are tissue specific and differ in the type of protein they contain.

63. Functions of IF
The major function of intermediate filaments is to provide resistance to mechanical stress placed upon a cell. They are not directly involved in cell motility.

64. People who are afflicted with the keratin gene mutation are sensitive to mechanical injury.