1. I. General Information about the Skeletal System A
I. General Information about the Skeletal System A. ______________________- study of movement of the human body.
Kinesiology

2. B. Division of the Skeletal System
Human Skeleton
(206 bones TOTAL)
AXIAL Skeleton
Skull (22 bones)
Hyoid (1 bone)
Auditory ossicles (6 bones)
Vertebral column (26 bones)
Thorax (25 bones)
= 80 bones total

3. Human Skeleton
(206 bones TOTAL)
Appendicular Skeleton
Clavicle (2 bones)
Scapula (2 bones)
Upper limbs (60 bones)
Pelvic Girdle (2 bones)
Lower limbs (60 bones)
= 126 bones

4. Blue = axial
Yellow = appendicular

5. C. Bone and Surface Markings 1. Depressions & Openings: a
C. Bone and Surface Markings 1. Depressions & Openings: a. ___________________- opening for blood vessels, nerves and/or ligaments. example – b. _____________________- shallow depression in or on the bone. example -
Foramen
Opening in pelvis bone
Fossa
Coronoid fossa of the humerus

6. 2. Processes that form joints a
2. Processes that form joints a. _________________- large rounded prominence that forms joints. example – b. _________________- rounded project that is supported on a thinner “neck” and forms a joint. example -
condyle
Knobs on lower femur at knee
head
Top of the femur (“ball”)

7. 3. Processes that tendons, ligaments & other tissue connect to: a
3. Processes that tendons, ligaments & other tissue connect to: a. _____________________ - large, blunt projection only on the femur (not the “ball” part) b. _____________________ - prominent border or ridge Example -
Trochanter
Crest
Illiac crest at top of hip bone

8. c. ____________________- large, rounded projection, usually with a rough surface. Example – d. __________________________________- a sharp, slender project. Example -
Turbocity
Deltoid turbocity of the humerus
Spine or Spinous process
The part of the vertebrae that you can palpate on someone’s back

9. 4. ______________________- to make contact with
4. ______________________- to make contact with. (ex- me humerus articulates with the radius)
articulate

10. D. General differences between male & female skeletons 1
D. General differences between male & female skeletons 1. Male bones are _______________ and_____________________ than female bones. 2. Male points of _____________________ are larger.
larger
heavier
Muscle attachment

11. II. Upper Appendage A. Definition of Upper Appendage: _______ __________________________________ B. Pectoral Girdle – the _______________ & ________________ that anchors the limb to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral Girdle + Upper Limb
clavicle
scapula

12. Clavicle
1. ___________________ (collar bone) a. it is the ___________________ fractured bone due to one outstretching their arms when s/he falls.
Most commonly

13. _________ end of the clavicle
LATERAL
_________ end of the clavicle
MEDIAL
_________ end of the clavicle

14. 2. ________________________ (shoulder blade)
scapula
_________________
Used for attachment to shoulder muscles.
Scapular spine
_________________
attaches to rotator cuff muscles.
Infraspinous process

15. _________________
________________
attaches to rotator cuff muscles.
Supraspinous process

16. ____________-Articulates with the __________
____________-Articulates with the __________. (This is where a “separated shoulder” occurs.)
ACROMION
CLAVICLE
__________________ Articulates with the head of the _________________ to form a ball & socket joint.
Glenoid Fossa
humerus

17. ______________________________
Used for attachment to chest and arm muscles.
Coracoid process
____________________- faces towards the ribs.
Subscapular fossa

18. Separated shoulder
3. ____________________________- an injury where the joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the shoulder is affected (often happens with forceful trauma).

20. Humerus
C. ____________________- (upper arm bone)
_____________articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
HEAD
__________________________
Where the humerus narrows.
Anatomical neck
_________________________-
Attachment point for deltoid muscle.
Deltoid Turberosity

21. ______________
___________- Articulates with the ulna when arm is bent.
CORONOID FOSSA
____________ (lateral side) Articulates with the radius
CAPITULUM
___________-(spool shaped) Articulates with the ulna.
TROCHLEA

22. _______________. Articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna.
Olecranon fossa

23. D. ____________________- (lower arm bone on
the little finger side)
Ulna
ULNA

24. Ulna – full view
_______________Articulates with the carpals of the wrist
Styloid Process

25. Ulna – enlarged proximal end; lateral view
Trochlear notch
_______________where the humerus fits
_____________________
“point” of elbow
Olecranon process
_____________________
Where the radius fits.
Radial Notch
________________________-articulate with coronoid fossa of humerus
CORONOID PROCESS

26. E. ____________________- (lower arm on the
thumb side)
Radius
RADIUS

27. _______________Articulates with the capitulum
_______________Articulates with the capitulum. (allows the hand to face “palms up”)
head
_______________ (commonly “fall” fracture by people over 50)
Styloid process

28. 1. ______________________________ - the head of the radius slides past or ruptures the ligament that forms a collar around the head of the radius (most common upper limb dislocation in children).
Dislocation of the radial head

30. F. Carpals - _______________________________
8 bones in the wrist
_______________2 rows of bones that forms a tunnel for nerves & tendons to pass through.
CARPALS
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
______________________-
when the nerves of this
tunnel are compressed and
cause numbness, tingling &
weakening in the hand.

32. G. Metacarpals - ___________________________
5 bones that make up the palm of the hand
______________________
- Each metacarpal has a base (proximal), body & a head (distal).
It is the _____________ of the metacarpal that makes _________________ when you clench your fist.
METACARPALS
head
knuckles

33. H. Phalanges - ____________________________
14 bones of the fingers & thumb
Proximal Phalanges

34. Middle Phalanges

35. Distal Phalange

36. I. Pollex - ____________________________
Specialized phalange that makes up the thumb
Pollex – no middle phalange

37. IV. _________________________- both hip bones A
IV. _________________________- both hip bones A. Three functions of the pelvic girdle: 1. _________________ the vertebral column 2. _____________________________ of the pelvis (bladder, reproductive organs, rectum). 3. __________________________ to the axial skeleton.
Pelvic Girdle
supports
Protects the organs
Attaches lower limbs

38. B. Features of the Pelvic Girdle
Coxal
______________- the two “hip” bones that are made up of the: _______________
_______________________ which fuse together by age 23.
Illium, ischium & pubis

39. _________________- joint that joins the two coxal bones.
Pubic Symphasis

40. _________________- divides the pelvis into an upper & lower portion.
Pelvic Brim

41. _________________- joint on the posterior side where the 2 coxal bones join the sacrum.
Sacroilliac joint

42. _________________everything above the pelvic brim
_________________everything above the pelvic brim. It is actually considered to be part of the ______________ & only contains the bladder when it is _________ and uterus during _____________.
False Pelvis
abdomen
full
pregnancy

43. _________________below the pelvic brim which surrounds the pelvic cavity
True Pelvis

44. _______________ upper opening of the true pelvis.
Pelvic Inlet

45. _______________ lower opening of the true pelvis.
Pelvic Outlet

46. C. ________________ - largest part of the coxal bone Illium
Anterior View
Illiac crest

47. Lateral View of Coxal Bone
_________________________ - where the sciatic nerve (longest nerve in body) passes through.
Greater sciatic notch

48. D. ________________ - lower, posterior part of coxal bone. Ischium
Anterior View

49. E. ________________ - lower, anterior part of the coxal bone. Pubis
Anterior View

50. F. Features created by the joining of the bones of the coxal
F. Features created by the joining of the bones of the coxal. (lateral view)
____________- socket for the head of the femur formed by the joining of all 3 coxal bones.
Acetabulum

51. __________________- largest foramen of the skeleton where nerves and vessels pass (formed by joining of ischium & pubis.
Obturator Foramen

52. G. Structural differences between a male and female pelvis 1
G. Structural differences between a male and female pelvis 1. ____________________- of the female is larger and the _________________ is oriented so that a baby can fit through. 2. The angle made by the two ischium bones is a larger _______ shape in females, and narrower _________ shape in males.
Pelvic Inlet
Pelvic outlet U V

53. V. __________________ (the leg) A
V. __________________ (the leg) A. _________________(thigh bone) – the STRONGEST bone in the body
Lower Limb
Femur

54. Greater Trochanter
____________
__________- projection on side of femur where muscles attach(also landmark for injections in the thigh).
__________________- “ball” of the femur which articulates with the acetabulum.
Head

55. __________________- articulates with the patella (“knee cap”).
Patellar Surface

56. ____________
__________- Towards the outside of the leg. Articulates with the tibia.
Lateral Condyle
__________________- towards the inside of the leg. Articulates with the tibia.
Medial Condyle

57. B. ___________________ (“knee cap”) – normally tracks(moves) up & down in a __________ between the femoral condyles.
Patella
groove

58. 1. ___________________________- “runner’s knee” occurs when the patella tracks _________________ and causes pain. (due to running on the same side of the road that is naturally sloped).
Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome
laterally

60. C. _________________(shin bone)
Tibia

61. ________________________-
Articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur.
Lateral condyle
______________________-
Articulates with the medial condyle of the femur.
Medial
condyle

62. Medial Malleolus
_____________________-
Forms the prominence you feel on the medial ankle bone.

63. 1. ______________- pain along the tibia that results from inflammation of the tibia’s ___________________ (usually caused by over-exertion of the calf muscles)
Shin splints
periosteum

65. D. ___________________- smaller bone next to the tibia in the lower leg.
Fibula

66. ___________________-
Forms the prominence you feel on the lateral part of the ankle surface.
Lateral malleolus

67. E. The FOOT & its functions 1
E. The FOOT & its functions 1. ______________- 7 ankle bones of the foot
Tarsals
___________________-
It is the only tarsal that articulates with the tibia & fibula.
It initially bears the _________ of the entire body when walking.
Talus
weight

68. ___________-
Between the talus and cuniforms
Navicular

69. ___________-
3 bones between the navicular & metatarsals.
cuniforms

70. ___________-
Between the calcaneous and metatarsals
Cuboid

71. ___________________-
(heel bone) It is the largest & strongest tarsal. _________ the weight is transferred to it from the __________ when walking.
Calcaneous
Half
Talus

72. metatarsals
2. _______________________- 5 bones that are similar to the metacarpals that make up the “sole” of the foot. a. like the metacarpals, each have a __________ base, a body, and a ___________ head.
proximal
distal

73. 3. __________________- 14 bones similar to the fingers in the hand.
phalanges
Proximal phalanges

74. Middle Phalange (only 4)
Distal Phalanges

75. 4. ___________________- specialized phalange that lacks a ______________ phalange.
Hallux
middle

76. functions
5. The four ___________ of the arches foot: a. _________________ leverage when walking b. _________________ shock (by “giving when weight is applied & “springing back” afterwards). c. ____________________ body weight over parts of the foot. d. ____________________ the weight of the body. Acronym help: ______________ (think…..the “PADS” of your feet)
P.rovides
A.bsorbs
D.istributes
S.upports
P. A. D. S.

77. 6. Three arches of the foot
Transverse arch
________________-
Runs horizontally across the foot. Formed by the navicular, cuniforms, & bases of metatarsals.

78. Medial Longitudinal Arch
_________________________-
Runs front to back of foot by the inside of the foot.

79. Lateral Longitudinal Arch
______________________-
Runs front to back of foot by the outside of the foot.

81. 7. __________________- abnormally low height of the medial longitudinal arch.
Flat footed

82. VI. Joints of the Skeletal System A
VI. Joints of the Skeletal System A. __________________- point of contact between ___________, between ________________________ or between ____________________.
Joint
bones
Cartilage & bones
Teeth & bones

83. B. Divisions of Medical Studies of Joints 1
B. Divisions of Medical Studies of Joints 1. ______________________- the study of joints. 2. ______________________- study of joint disease and related conditions
Arthology
Rheumatology

84. C. Movement of Joints 1. Range of motion: a
C. Movement of Joints 1. Range of motion: a. in general, the _______________ the distance between the articulating bone, more _________________ the range of motion for that joint. Ex -
shorter
restricted
Skull bones- very close together  no range of motion
femur & tibia are farther apart  large range of motion

85. 2. Three Factors that determine joint flexibility: a
2. Three Factors that determine joint flexibility: a. ____________________ of the ligaments that bind the bones together. b. _____________________of articulating bones. c. _____________________tension of associated muscles and tendons. ACRONYM HELP: What’s your favorite math class at DPHS? __________________
F.lexibility
S.hape
T.ension
F. S. T.

86. JOINTS
D. Classes of Joints
Fibrous
Bones are held together by__________
connective tissue.
Lack a ________________ cavity
Three Types
_____________
fibrous
synovial
suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis

87. JOINTS
Synovial
____________ a synovial cavity
Most ___________
Six Types
______________
contains
movable
planar
condyloid
hinge
saddle
pivot
Ball & socket

88. JOINTS
Cartilaginous
Bones are held together by ______________.
Also _________ a synovial cavity.
Two Types
______________
cartilage
lacks
synchondris
symphasis

89. 1. FIBROUS JOINTS SUTURE immovable -They are ________________
-Found where__________ unite
Skull bones

90. -Found in_____________________
SYNDESMOSIS
(sin-dez-MŌ-sis)
Slightly movable
-They are ________________
-Found in_____________________
Tibia/fibula connection & sacrum/coxal connection

91. -They are ________________ -Found only in_________________
GOMPHOSIS
(gom-FŌ-sis)
immovable
-They are ________________
-Found only in_________________
Tooth sockets

92. 2. SYNOVIAL JOINTS PLANAR Wrist & ankles Found in _________________
Btwn clavicle & sternum
Btwn clavicle & scapula

93. - Found in ________________ Wrist and ankles
CONDYLOID
(KON-di-loyd)
- Found in ________________
Wrist and ankles

94. SADDLE
- Found in ________________
Thumb only

95. HINGE
- Found in __________________
Knee, elbow, ankle, & fingers

96. PIVOT
- Found in __________________
Elbow & head to say “no”

97. BALL-&-SOCKET
- Found in __________________
Shoulder & hip joints

98. a. ____________________- allows the joint to move freely.
Synovial cavity

99. b. specific joint structures of the knee:
_________________________________________-
Ligament that extends posteriorly & laterally from the tibia to the fibula.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

100. ___________________________-
Found on the outside of the knee. Meniscus allow for a____________ fit between two different shaped bones.
Lateral Meniscus
tighter

101. Medial Meniscus
___________________________-
Found on the inside of the knee.

102. c. Common injuries of the knee: 1
c. Common injuries of the knee: 1. _____________________- when the anterior cruciate ligament is stretched or torn (70% of all serious knee injuries).
ACL injury

105. 2. _______________________________ - when the lateral or medial meniscus is damaged. (If the damaged cartilage is not removed, it may lead to arthritis)
Torn Cartilage of the knee

108. 3. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS immovable -They are ________________
SYNCHONDROSIS
(sin-kon-DRŌ-sis)
immovable
-They are ________________
-Found in _____________ of elongating bones & between the ____________ & ____________
Growth plates
Rib cage sternum

109. -They are ________________
SYMPHASIS
(sim-fi-sis)
Slightly movable
-They are ________________
-Found between the __________ bones and between ____________
pubis
vertebrae

110. E. Common Joint Diseases & Complications 1
E. Common Joint Diseases & Complications 1. _______________________- an autoimmune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its own cartilage & joint linings. It is characterized by _______________ of the synovial cavity.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
swelling

113. 2. _________________________- degenerative joint disease characterized by deterioration of ________________ cartilage. (the “wear & tear” arthritis)
Osteoarthritis
articular

115. 3. ________________- forcible wrenching or twisting of the ________________ of a joint.
Sprain
ligaments

116. Strain
4. _____________________- stretched or partially torn _________________. (often occurs when a muscle contracts suddenly & powerfully)
muscle