1. TIROIDITE

2. Classification
Thyroiditis is a group of disorders that all cause thyroidal inflammation.
Forms of the disease are:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
Subacute thyroiditis,
Postpartum thyroiditis,
Drug-induced thyroiditis,
Radiation-induced thyroiditis
De Quervain’s thyroiditis
Riedel’s thyroiditis
Acute thyroiditis.

3. Each different type has its own:
causes,
clinical features,
duration,
resolution,
risks.

4. Symptoms
Common hypothyroid symptoms manifest when thyroid cell damage is slow and chronic, and may include:
fatigue, weight gain, feeling "fuzzy headed,“
depression, dry skin, and constipation.
swelling of the legs,
decreased concentration.
When conditions become more severe:
puffiness around the eyes,
slowing of the heart rate,
a drop in body temperature,
incipient heart failure.

5. Symptoms
If the thyroid cell damage is acute, the thyroid hormone within the gland leaks out into the bloodstream causing symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, which is similar to those of hyperthyroidism.
These symptoms include :
weight loss,
irritability, anxiety, insomnia,
tachycardia
fatigue.

6. Elevated levels of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream cause both conditions.
But thyrotoxicosis is the term used with thyroiditis since the thyroid gland is not overactive,
as in the case of hyperthyroidism.

7. Causes Thyroiditis is generally caused by an attack on the thyroid,
resulting in inflammation and damage to the thyroid cells.
Antibodies that attack the thyroid are what causes most types of thyroiditis.
Infection, like a virus or bacteria, works in the same way as antibodies to cause inflammation in the glands.
Some drugs, such as interferon and amiodarone, can also cause thyroiditis because they have a tendency to damage thyroid cells.

8. Diagnosis/Investigations
Physical examination.
Elevated ESR,
Elevated thyroglobulin levels,
Depressed radioactive iodine intake.
TSH, T4,
antibodies.
In some cases a biopsy may be needed to find out what is attacking the thyroid.

9. Conditions
Most types of thyroiditis are three to five times more likely to be found in women than in men.
The average age of onset is between years of age.

10. Treatment
Treatments depend on the type of thyroiditis that is diagnosed.
For the most common type, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, immediately start hormone replacement.
This prevents or corrects the hypothyroidism, and it also generally keeps the gland from getting bigger.
Bed rest and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications
Some need steroids to reduce inflammation and to control palpitations.
Beta blockers to lower the heart rate and reduce tremors

11. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis was first described by Japanese physician Hashimoto Hakaru working in Germany in 1912.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is also known as lymphocytic thyroiditis, and patients with this disease often complain about difficult swallowing.
This condition may be so mild at first that the disease goes unnoticed for years.
The first symptom that shows signs of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a goiter.

12. AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS
Diffuse process throughout the thyroid gland- Hashimoto’s disease
Infiltration of thyroid by lymphocytes and plasma cells
Immunological disorder- serum thyroid ab.
Hypothyroidism- thyroxine, steroids
Nodule present- FNAC to rule out lymphoma

13. Hashimoto thyroiditis
Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common form of thyroid gland inflammation (thyroiditis) and the most frequent cause of decreased thyroid hormone production (hypothyroidism).
With Hashimoto thyroiditis, the thyroid becomes enlarged, firm, and rubbery but not usually tender.

14. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
The incidence of Hashimoto's disease has risen exponentially over the past 50 years, and this increase may be related to an increased iodine content in the diet.
Hashimoto's disease has been linked to other autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, pernicious anemia, diabetes mellitus and Sjögren's syndrome.
A rare but serious complication of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is thyroid lymphoma.
These lymphomas, generally the B-cell, non-Hodgkin's type, tend to occur in women 50 to 80 years of age and are usually limited to the thyroid gland..

15. Signs and Symptoms
No symptoms for several years or some degree of hypothyroidism that worsens over time. Symptoms may include:
Constipation
Depression
Dry skin
Fatigue
Increased sensitivity to cold
Menstrual irregularities, heavy and excessive bleeding
Muscle and joint pain
Muscle weakness
Thinning hair
Weight gain

16. Tests The goals of testing include: detecting thyroid dysfunction,
diagnosing Hashimoto thyroiditis,
Monitoring treatment.

17. Tests TSH — typically elevated in hypothyroidism
Total or Free T4 — often decreased in primary hypothyroidism
Total or Free T3 — sometimes decreased but may be within the normal reference range, so is not as useful as T4
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO, ) - detects the presence of autoantibodies against a protein found in thyroid cells.
Antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) — if positive, may indicate Hashimoto thyroiditis - they are not as sensitive or specific as anti-TPO so they are not routinely ordered.

18. Investigations
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) is variable and can be depressed, normal or increased, depending on the extent of follicular destruction .
Patchy uptake is common, providing little diagnostically useful information.
Ultrasonography shows an enlarged gland with a diffusely hypoechogenic pattern in most patients.
RAIU and thyroid ultrasonography are not necessary parts of the work-up for this disease.
A dominant nodule in a patient with Hashimoto's disease should prompt a fine-needle aspiration biopsy to exclude malignancy.

19. Treatment
No treatment is required when thyroid hormone concentrations (T4 and T3) are normal and the affected person is not experiencing significant symptoms.
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is typically necessary, when thyroid hormone production becomes significantly decreased and symptoms begin to worsen.
Those with Hashimoto thyroiditis are closely monitored, and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is initiated and/or adjusted as necessary.

20. Treatment
When hypothyroidism is present, treatment with thyroxine (T4) is indicated.
THR therapy is also indicated in patients with a TSH level in the normal range, to reduce goiter size and prevent progression to overt hypothyroidism in high-risk patients.
Lifetime replacement of levothyroxine is indicated in hypothyroid patients, at a starting dosage of 25 to 50 μg per day, with gradual titration to an average daily dosage of 75 to 150 μg.
A lower starting dosage (12.5 to 25 μg per day) and a more gradual titration are recommended in elderly patients and in patients with cardiovascular disease.
The dosage may be increased in these patients 25 to 50 μg every four to six weeks until the TSH level is normal.

21. Monitoring
Because of the risk of developing hypothyroidism, patients with a history of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
require annual assessment of thyroid function.

22. Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis occurs most often in the postpartum period but may also occur sporadically .
Antimicrosomal antibodies are present in 50%- 80% of pts.
Antithyroid peroxidase antibodies are present in nearly all pts.
Starts with an initial hyperthyroid phase, followed by subsequent hypothyroidism and, finally, a return to the euthyroid state.

23. Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
In the postpartum patient, thyrotoxicosis usually develops in the first three months following delivery and lasts for one or two months.
Patients with an initial episode of postpartum subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis have a notably high risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.
Serum TSH testing is indicated in symptomatic patients.

24. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Patients usually present with acute symptoms , such as tachycardia, palpitations, heat intolerance, nervousness and weight loss.
A small painless goiter is present in 50% of pts.
The ESR and white blood cell count are normal.
T4 and T3 levels are initially elevated, with a disproportionate increase in T4 compared with T3.
RAIU is decreased - this situation contrasts markedly with the elevated RAIU found in patients with Graves' disease.

25. Radioactive iodine uptake scan showing normal condition in a woman with postpartum thyroiditis (subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis).

26. Radioactive iodine uptake scan showing hyperthyroid (increased uptake) condition in a woman with Graves' disease.

27. Treatment
Acute symptoms of hyperthyroidism are managed primarily with beta blockers.
Antithyroid drugs, which inhibit the production of new T4, are not indicated because symptoms are caused by the release of preformed T3 and T4 from the damaged gland.
Replacement of thyroid hormone in the hypothyroid phase is indicated if the patient's symptoms are severe or of long duration.
If the hypothyroid phase lasts longer than six months, permanent hypothyroidism is likely.

28. SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS de Quervain’s thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis is the most common cause of a painful thyroid gland.
It is most likely caused by a viral infection and is generally preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection.
Numerous etiologic agents have been implicated, including mumps virus, echovirus, coxsackievirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza and adenovirus.

29. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
The disease presents clinically with acute onset of pain in the thyroid region.
The pain may be exacerbated by turning the head or swallowing, and may radiate to the jaw, ear or chest.
The thyroid is firm, nodular and exquisitely tender to palpation.
Symptoms of hypermetabolism may be present,
ESR usually is markedly elevated- a normal ESR essentially rules out the diagnosis of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis.
The leukocyte count is normal or slightly elevated.

30. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Thyrotoxicosis is present in 50% of pts. in the acute phase,
Serum T4 is disproportionately elevated relative to the T3 level.
Serum TSH concentrations are low to undetectable.
Thyroglobulin is elevated -a normal thyroglobulin level essentially rules out the diagnosis of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis.
The RAIU is notably low, often less than 2 percent at 24 hours.
In summary, the physical examination, an elevated ESR, an elevated thyroglobulin level and a depressed RAIU confirm the diagnosis.

31. Radioactive iodine uptake scan showing hypothyroid (decreased uptake) condition, in a woman with subacute granulomatous thyroiditis.

32. CLINICAL COURSE
The natural history of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis involves four phases that generally unfold over four to six months.
The acute phase of thyroid pain and thyrotoxicosis may last three to six weeks or longer.
Transient asymptomatic euthyroidism follows.
Hypothyroidism often ensues and may last weeks to months or may be permanent (in up to 5% of pts).
The final phase is a recovery period, during which thyroid function tests normalize.

33. Treatment
Therapy with antithyroid drugs is not indicated in patients with subacute granulomatous thyroiditis because this disorder is caused by the release of preformed thyroid hormone rather than synthesis of new T3 and T4.
Therapy with beta blockers may be indicated for the symptomatic treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are generally effective in reducing thyroid pain in patients with mild cases.

34. Treatment
Patients with more severe disease require a tapering dosage of prednisone (20 to 40 mg per day) given over two to four weeks.
Up to 20 % of pts. experience the recurrence of thyroid pain on discontinuation of prednisone.
Low RAIU uptake implies ongoing inflammation, and steroid therapy should be continued.

35. RIEDEL’S THYROIDITIS
Invasive fibrous thyroiditis- dense fibrous inflammatory infiltrate throughout the thyroid extended extracapsular
Rare condition, can mimic malignancy
Tamoxifen, or surgery for pressure sy.

36. Invasive Fibrous Thyroiditis
First described by Riedel in 1898, this remains the rarest type of thyroiditis.
In addition to the development of dense fibrosis of the thyroid gland itself, extracervical sites of fibrosis frequently occur as inflammatory fibrosclerotic processes, including:
sclerosing cholangitis,
retroperitoneal fibrosis
orbital pseudotumor.

37. Invasive Fibrous Thyroiditis
Studies suggest that 1/3 of pts. with fibrous thyroiditis develop multifocal fibrosclerosis.
The mean age at presentation is 47.8 years,
83% of all cases occur in females.
A stone-hard or woody mass that extends from the thyroid is common.
Symptoms vary according to the structures involved and most commonly result from a thyroid mass that produces:
dyspnea,
dysphagia,
occasionally, stridor.

38. Invasive Fibrous Thyroiditis
RAIU is decreased in affected areas of the gland.
Most patients remain euthyroid,
ESR is frequently elevated.
Thyroid autoantibodies are present in appreciable quantities in 45 % of pts.
Because of the similarity between fibrous thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma, diagnosis must be made using open biopsy.
The disease is usually self-limited,
Surgical wedge resection of the thyroid isthmus being the mainstay of treatment in symptomatic patients.

39. Microbial Inflammatory Thyroiditis
Microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, also known as acute suppurative thyroiditis, is a rare subtype most often caused by the presence of Gram-positive bacteria in the thyroid gland.
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infectious agent, but other organisms have also been implicated .
This disorder is rare because of the inherent resistance of the thyroid gland to infection.
Most patients have a preexisting thyroid disorder, usually nodular goiter.
Anterior neck pain and tenderness are common.
Other clinical features include fever, pharyngitis and dermal erythema.
The pain is typically worse during swallowing and radiates locally.

40. Microbial Inflammatory Thyroiditis
Tachycardia is common, along with leukocytosis and an elevated ESR level.
TSH, T4 and T3 levels are typically normal,
RAIU may be normal or show cold nodules in areas of abscess formation.
The cause of infection is first determined by culture and sensitivity of samples obtained through fine-needle aspiration.
When the cause of the infection is determined, appropriate parenteral antibiotics should be prescribed
Patients with abscesses require surgical drainage and, possibly, a thyroid lobectomy.
Heat, rest and aspirin provide symptomatic relief; steroids may offer additional benefit.
The disease is usually self-limited, lasting weeks to months.

41. Acute suppurative thyroiditis

43. USS- pus collection in the thyroid lobe

45. Spontaneous fistula

46. Collection-evacuated and drained

47. Acute suppurative thyroiditis Drainage tube