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ARTHROLOGY Where 2 or more bones join. © Robert A. Holmes, DVM, MS, PhD
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Compendium joint article
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Sweeny (suprascapular n.)
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Clinical Importance of Joints Degenerative joint disease Trauma – fracture - instability Developmental Ununited anconeal process Hip dysplasia Immune Systemic lupus erythematosis Metabolic OCD Infectious Polyarthritis Lyme disease Neoplastic Synovial cell sarcoma
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Purposes of Joints Allow movement. Directed not random. Provide stability. Bone growth site. Bone growth site
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Joint Nomenclature Common names, i.e. shoulder, elbowCommon names Colloquial names –Colloquial names femorotibial = stifle carpus = knee fetlock, pastern, coffin Scientific, descriptive names. Usually from the bones or region forming the joint.Scientific, descriptive names
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Categories of Joints Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Synarthrodial i.e. rigid Diarthrodial i.e. moveable Old Terminology Current Terminology
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Category Classification 1 1. Fibrous joints – joined by dense white fibrous connective tissue. (syn = union) Sutures – [L. sutura a seam] narrow strips of CT. Found mostly in the skull. Allows the growth of bone plates. Stops as ossification occurs.Sutures Syndesmosis – [Gr. syndesmos band] a type of fibrous joint in which the intervening fibrous connective tissue forms an interosseous membrane or ligament. Between radius and ulna.Syndesmosis Gomphosis – [Gr. a bolting together] tooth attachmentsGomphosis
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Category Classification 2 2. Cartilaginous joints Symphysis – divided by a series of tissues, i.e.. cartilage, fibrocartilage, or fibrous tissue in the middle of symmetrical halves. Pubis, mandible.Symphysis Synchondrosis – [Gr. a growing into one cartilage] a union between two bones formed by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage; it is usually temporary, the intervening cartilage being converted into bone before adult life. Skull, hyoid bones.Synchondrosis Physis – between epiphysis and diaphysis.Physis Intervertebral disks.Intervertebral disks
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Category Classification 3 3. Synovial joints [Gr. syn with + oon egg]Synovial joints Separated by fluid-filled space. synovial membrane fibrous capsule fibrous bands – ligaments articular surface –hyaline cartilage (fibrocartilage). synovial fluid –lubrication AND nutrition disks or menisci –provide support for bony incongruities –stifle and tmj Periarticular Articular Intraarticular
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Synovial Joint Structure 1. Synovial fluid / space lubrication nutrition clear-yellow, viscous 2. Synovial membrane 3. Articular cartilage avascular no nerves nutrition by diffusion synovial fluid vessels – capsule and bone 4. Fibrous joint capsule 5. Periosteum 6. Cortex 2 + 4 = joint capsule
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Synovial joint blood and nerve supplies 7. Joint space 8. Synovial fold 9. Synovial villi 10. Artery / vein 11. Efferent to blood vessels, afferent for pain and proprioception. Cartilage nutrition 1. synovial fluid 2. blood supply bone, joint capsule
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Synovial – Disk and Meniscus
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Synovial joints Shoulder Stifle Return
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biceps tendon and retinaculum
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Joint Capsule and Ligaments
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Shoulder Radiograph and Arthrogram Contrast media in joint space.
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glenoid and humerus en face Glenoid – scapula Humeral head
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Joint Taps - Synovial Fluid Analysis
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Joint Tap Approaches
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Movements Translation – sliding without changing orientation Rotation Inward Outward Pendular – angular or swinging about an axis flexion extension adduction abduction circumduction
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Flexion and Extension Flexion decrease joint angle Extension increase joint angle In saggital plane Hyper extension / flexion – beyond normal ranges.
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Adduction & Abduction Midline Adduction - bring towards median plane. Add 2 numbers – bring together. Abduction – move away from median plane. The child was abducted – taken away. In transverse planes.
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Circumduction Flexion +/- Extension +/- Adduction +/- Abduction Infinitely variable number of combinations to form complex actions.
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Joint Surfaces Flexor Surface Flexion Angle Extension Angle Extensor Surface
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Mechanics of Joint Movement Long head triceps: 1.flex shoulder 2.extend elbow Other triceps: extend elbow only Biceps brachii 1.extend shoulder 2.flex elbow Triceps: Same insertion Different origins What joint surfaces are spanned?
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Weight vs non weight bearing. What point is considered fixed or immovable? 1.Standing – leg fixed, head moves. 2.Laying – head fixed, leg moves. Brachiocephalicus m.
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Synovial Joints Classified by Geometry Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Ellipsoidal Saddle Spheroidal
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Plane joint vertebral articulations Plane joint 2 “flat” planes
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Hinge joint (ginglymus = hinge) Movement in only 1 plane
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Pivot joint peg in ring Atlantoaxial joint
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Condylar 2 knuckle condyles Stifle “Knee” Femorotibial
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Ellipsoidal Oval surface movement in 2 planes
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Saddle 2 surfaces biaxial movement
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Spheroidal ball and socket greatest movement
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Slides Section
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Mandible slide Return
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Skull Slides Return
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Tibia and Fibula Return
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Humerus Return
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Nomenclature graphic Shoulder bounded by: scapula and humerus scapulohumeral joint Hip bounded by: os coxae (pelvis) and femur coxofemoral joint
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Deer skull
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Metaphysis Physis Epiphysis Return
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Medial coronoid process DJD
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Open vs Closed Physes
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Intervertebral Disk nucleus pulposus anulus fibrosus Return
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