1. The Joints of the Skeleton System
Primarily Synovial Joints

2. JOINTS
Joints or articulations are functional junction between bones…or the site where two bones meet.
They bind parts of the skeletal system, make possible bone growth, permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth, and enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions.

3. JOINTS
Joints can also be grouped according to the degree of movement possible at the bony junction.
Synarthrotic – Immovable joints
Amphiarthrotic- Slightly moveable
Diarthrotic- Freely movable.

4. JOINTS Three general groups are: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Joints
Joints vary considerably in structure and function
However, they can be classified by the type of tissue that binds the bones at each junction.
Three general groups are:
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints

5. Fibrous Joints
Fibrous Joints- are so named because of the fibrous tissue that holds them together
In a fibrous joint there is no joint cavity present.
Most fibrous joints are immovable.
They lie between bones that closely contact one another.

6. Fibrous Joints Three types of fibrous joints:
Syndesmosis-Distal end of the tibia and fibula
Suture- only between flat bones in the skull
Gomphosis- root of a tooth to the jawbone

7. Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints- Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect the bones of this joint.
Two Types are:
Synchondrosis (the articulation between the first rib and the manubrum)
Symphysis (the smyphiysis pubis in the pelvis)

8. Cartilaginous Joints

9. Cartilaginous Joints

10. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Most joints of the skeletal system are synovial joints, and because they allow free movement, they are diarthrotic.
These joints are more complex structurally than fibrous or cartilaginous joints.

11. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Synovial Joint have five distinguishing features.
Articular Cartilage is present at the ends of the opposing bones
Joint Cavity (synovial) is present. This is really just potential space that contains fluid.
Articular capsule (aka joint capsule). This encloses the joint cavity.
Synovial Fluid- is present and occupies the space within the joint capsule.
Reinforcing Ligaments – Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a number of bandlike ligaments.

12. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Not strictly associated with synovial joints but are often found associated with them.
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid.
Tendon Sheath is essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction.

13. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

14. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 6 Types

15. Ball and Socket
The Ball and Socket joint consists of a bone with a globular or slightly egg- shaped head the articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another.
Such joint allows a wider range of motion than does any other kind.
Permitting movements in all planes, as well as rotation movement around a central axis.

16. Ball and Socket
Examples: Hip and Shoulder contain joints of this type.

17. Condyloid Joint
Condyloid joint, the oval condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bones.
This type of joints permits a variety of movements in different planes; rotational movement, however,is NOT possible.

18. Condyloid Joint
Condyloid Joint exists between the metacarpals and the phalanges.
And the radiocarpal (wrist) joints.

19. GLIDING JOINTS (aka Plane Joints)
The articulating surfaces of gliding joints are nearly flat or slightly curved.
These joints allow sliding or back-and-forth motion and twisting movements.

20. GLIDING JOINTS (aka Plane Joints)
Most of the joints within the wrist and ankle.
The articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.
Joints formed by ribs 2-7 connecting the sternum are also gliding joints.

21. HINGE JOINT
In a hinge joint, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another.
Such a joint resembles the hinge of a door in that it permits movement in one plane only.

22. HINGE JOINT
The elbow and the joints of the phalanges.

23. PIVOT JOINT
In a pivot joint, the cylindrical surface on one bone rotates within a ring formed on bone and fibrous tissue of a ligament.
Movement at such a joint is limited to rotation around a central axis.

24. PIVOT JOINT
The joint between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna.
A pivot joint functions in the neck as the head turns from side to side.

25. SADDLE JOINT
A saddle joint forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. The surface on one bone fits the complementary surface of another.
This physical relationship permits a variety of movements, mainly in two planes.

26. SADDLE JOINT
The joint between the carpal and the metacarpal of the thumb.

27. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Every skeletal muscle of the body is attached to bone or other connective tissue structures at no fewer than two points
The muscles origin is attached to the immovable ( or less moveable ) bone.
Its other end, the insertion, is attached to the moveable bone.

28. Gliding Movements
AKA as translation, are the simplest joint movements.
Back and forth or side to side!

29. Angular Movements
Angular Movements increase or decrease an angle between two bones.

30. Flexion
Flexion- Bending movement, that decreases the angel of the joint and bring the articulating bones closer together
Ex: bending the head forward on the chest; bending the knee from a straight to an angled position.

31. Extension
Extension- opposite of flexion, that increases the angel of the joint and brings the articulating bones farther apart.
Ex: Straightening a flexed

32. Hyperextension
Hyperextension- Bending part of the body past its straight upright position.

33. Abduction/Adduction
Adduction- Moving a part toward the midline. (returning into the side of the body)
Abduction- Moving a part away from the body.

34. Circumduction
Circumduction- - Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space.
The quickest way to exercise the many muscles that move the hip and shoulder ball and socket joints. .

35. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of the Foot
Dorsiflexion- Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin.

36. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of the Foot
Plantar Flexion- depressing the foot or pointing the toes.

37. Special Movements
Some movements do NOT fit into a specific category and occur only at a few joints.
They are illustrated in the next few slides.

38. Rotation Rotation- The turning of a bone around its own long axis.
It is the only movement allowed between the C1 and C2 vertebra
Common at the hip and shoulder joint.

39. Supination and Pronation
Both of these refer to movement of the radius around the ulna.
Supination meaning “turning backwards”..rotate the arm so the palm is facing anteriorly
Pronation- meaning turning forward…rotate the arm so the palm is facing posteriorly.

40. Supination and Pronation

41. Inversion and Eversion
Both of these refer to special movement of the foot.
Inversion- the sole of the foot turns medially
Eversion- the sole faces laterally..

42. Protraction and Retraction
Nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane.
The mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw.
And retracted when you move it back to its original position.

43. Elevation and Depression
Elevate- lifting a body part superiorly. (shrugging your shoulders)
Depression is moving the elevated part inferiorly.
Chewing your food is alternately both elevation and depression.

44. Opposition
Opposition – found in the saddle joint between the metacarpal and the carpals.
This is the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. .

45. What type of movements do we have here?
Abduction at the right hip, adduction at both shoulders.

46. What type of movements do we have here?
Flexion at the left knee
Flexion at the left hip,
Extension at the
right hip,
Extension at the right knee.

47. What type of movements do we have here?
Flexion at both hips
Abduction at the shoulders
Extension at the elbows
Extension at both knees.

48. What type of movements do we have here?
 Flexion at both hips,
Flexion at both knees,
Extension at both elbows.

49. What type of movements do we have here?
Rotation / extension at the hips.

50. What type of movements do we have here?
Flexion at both knees,
Adduction at the
shoulders

51. What type of movements do we have here?
Abduction at both hips.

52. What type of movements do we have here?
Flexion / rotation at the shoulder.

53. The Knee
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body.
It allows flexion, extension, and some rotation.
It is actually composed of 3 separate joints.

54. The Knee
Be able to identify the ACL, PCL, meniscus, all three bursa sacs, and the femur, tibia, and patella.
YOU NEED TO DRAW COLOR AND LABEL THE KNEE…you will have to label this on a test. Please add this to the back side of your first drawing. Due at the end of class today!!!
Pg 266 (a)

55. The Knee

57. You need to know the following joints.
What type of joints will you find here? Both structural and functional (or movements)
Skull
Intervertebral
Sternocostal (ribs 1-7)
Shoulder
Elbow
Radioulnar (proximal and distal)
Wrist
Intercarpal
Carpometacarpal

58. You need to know the following joints.
What type of joints will you find here? Both structural and functional (or movements)
Knuckle
Finger
Pubic Symphysis
Hip
Knee
Tibiofibular
Ankle
Intertarsal
Tarsometatarsal
Metatarsolphalangeal

59. When your Joints hurt!!
Usually we don’t think about joints until we have a problem and they begin to hurt us.
This can be caused by trauma, inflammation, and/or arthritis.

60. Sprains!!
Sprain- the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.
Lumbar region of the spine, ankle and knee are common.
Ligaments heal very slowly because they are poorly vascularized.
Cartilage is avascular and it rarely can obtain sufficient nourishment to repair itself. It usually stays torn.

61. Sprains!!
Cartilage fragments can interfere with joint function by causing joints to lock or bind. So most sports physicians recommend that the central par of a damaged cartilage be removed.
This can be done by arthroscopic surgery.

62. Arthroscopic surgery.

63. Dislocation
A dislocation occurs when bones are forced out of alignment.
Usually accompanies sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Repeat dislocation of the same joint are common because the initial dislocation stretches the joint capsule and ligaments.

64. Bursitis/Tendonitis
Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa and is usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis is inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse.
Treatments for both include…rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

65. Osteoarthritis It is the most common chronic arthritis
It is chronic degenerative, often called “wear and tear” arthritis.
Normal in the aging process
The normal joint use prompts the release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage.
The result is softened, roughened, pitted, and eroded articular cartilages.

66. Rheumatoid Arthritis It is not as common but still effects millions.
Effect women more than men, usually between the ages of 40-50
In early stages joint tenderness and stiffness are common
Usually effects small joints like wrist, ankles, fingers, and feet.
Has both flare ups and remissions

67. Rheumatoid Arthritis
RA- is an autoimmune disease- a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissue.
Unknown cause but suspects include bacterium and viruses.
Synovial fluid can increase

68. Gouty Arthritis
The symptoms of gout are almost always acute and sudden, happening often at night with no warning. Symptoms in the affected joints may include:
Intense pain
Swelling
Tenderness
Redness
One of the oldest known diseases, gout was once considered "the disease of kings" because it was associated with those wealthy enough to overindulge in rich food and drink.
In fact gout is a complex disorder that can affect anyone and does affect more than 2 million Americans.

69. Gouty Arthritis Seen more often in men than women
Gout is caused by high blood levels of uric acid, a waste formed from the breakdown of purines.
If the body produces too much or eliminates too little uric acid, it builds up and forms needle-like crystals in a joint or the surrounding tissue,
At the right is a photograph of crystals of monosodiumurate, which cause gout. They are identified by their shape and physical properties when seen under a microscope
Seen more often in men than women
Genetic factors are definitely implicated.
Excess alcohol can promote excess uric acid..