1. Quiz 6 –
Quiz 7 –

2. TIME IS UP!!! Question (15 mins)
A small capillary with an inside diameter of 2.22  10-3 m and a length m is being used to continuously measure the flow rate of a liquid having a density of 875 kg/m3 and  = 1.13  10-3 Pa∙s. The pressure drop reading across the capillary during flow is m water (density 996 kg/m3). What is the flow rate in m3/s if the end-effect corrections are neglected? What is the Fanning friction factor for this capillary system?
TIME IS UP!!!

3. Frictional Losses for Non-Circular Conduits
Instead of deriving new correlations for f, an approximation is developed for an equivalent diameter, Deq, which may be used to calculate NRe and f.
where RH = hydraulic radius
S = cross-sectional area
Pw = wetted perimeter: sum of the length of the boundaries of the cross-section actually in contact with the fluid

4. Equivalent Diameter (Deq)
Determine the equivalent diameter of the following conduit types:
Annular space with outside diameter Do and inside diameter Di
Rectangular duct with sides a and b
Open channels with liquid depth y and liquid width b

5. Non-Newtonian Fluids

6. Newtonian Fluids water air ethyl alcohol
Common denominator: simple fluids
air
ethyl alcohol

7. Non-Newtonian Fluids blood ketchup toothpaste
Nature of Non-Newtonian fluids: slurries, significantly viscous fluids, highly concentrated solutions, polymer melts
blood
ketchup
toothpaste

8. Non-Newtonian Fluids grease polymer melt cake batter
Nature of Non-Newtonian fluids: slurries, highly viscous fluids, highly concentrated solutions, polymer melts
grease
polymer melt
cake batter

9. Non-Newtonian Fluids paint molten metal whipped cream
More examples of non-Newtonian fluids.
paint
molten metal
whipped cream

10. Non-Newtonian Fluids Foods Emulsions (mayonnaise, ice cream)
Foams (ice cream, whipped cream)
Suspensions (mustard, chocolate)
Gels (cheese)
Biofluids
Suspension (blood)
Gel (mucin)
Solutions (spittle)
Personal Care Products
Suspensions (nail polish, face scrubs)
Solutions/Gels (shampoos, conditioners)
Foams (shaving cream)
Electronic and Optical Materials
Liquid Crystals (monitor displays)
Melts (soldering paste)
Pharmaceuticals
Gels (creams, particle precursors)
Emulsions (creams)
Aerosols (nasal sprays)
Polymers
Bottomline: many of the fluids we encounter in industrial processes as well as in our everyday lives exhibit non-Newtonian behavior

11. Non-Newtonian Fluids Why are these fluids non-Newtonian?
Non-Newtonian behavior is frequently associated with complex internal structure:
The fluid may have large complex molecules (like a polymer), or
The fluid may be a heterogeneous solution (like a suspension)...

12. Non-Newtonian Fluids Why are these fluids non-Newtonian?
Fluid systems may be non-ideal in two ways:
The viscosity may depend on shear rate
The viscosity may depend on time
Some (many) may have both

13. Classification Time-Independent Fluids
The relation between shearing stress and rate is unique but non-linear
The viscosity of the fluid at a given temperature depends on the rate of shearing

14. Classification
Time-Independent Fluids

15. Classification Time-Independent Fluids Bingham plastics
h depends on a critical/yield shear stress (t0) and then becomes constant
Ex. sludge
paint
blood
ketchup

16. Classification
Time-Independent Fluids
Bingham plastics

17. Classification
Time-Independent Fluids
Power law fluids

18. Classification Time-Independent Fluids Power law fluids
Pseudoplastic fluids : h decreases as the shear rate increases (shear rate thinning)
Ex. polymer melts
paper pulp in water
clay solutions
molasses
whipped cream

19. Classification Time-Independent Fluids Power law fluids
Dilatant fluids : h decreases as the shear rate increases (shear rate thickening)
Ex. Quicksand
Starch suspension
Wet sand
Dilatancy: at low shear conditions, particles are closely packed. The void spaces between particles is minimal and are filled with solvent (water). As shear stress increases, the total volume increases, increasing the volume of void space. However, the solvent doesn’t fill all of the void space, creating a “dryness” which increases the resistance to shearing stress.

20. Classification Time-Dependent Fluids
Shear rate depends on the shearing time or on the previous shear rate history

21. Classification Time-Dependent Fluids Thixotropic fluids
: shear stress decreases with time at constant shear rate; alternatively, the apparent viscosity decreases with time
: the change is reversible; the fluid “rebuilds” itself once shearing is removed
Ex. gelatin
shortening
cream
for a thixotropic fluid, molecules become more and more disentangled over time, thus leading to a decrease in viscosity. If the shear force is removed, the molecules may reaggregate or become entangled again over time

22. Classification Time-Dependent Fluids Rheopectic fluids
: shear stress increases with time at constant shear rate; the apparent viscosity increases with time
: the change is reversible
Ex. highly concentrated starch solutions
gravy
beating and thickening of egg whites
inks

23. Classification Viscoelastic Fluids
The shear stress is determined by the shear strain and the rate of shear strain
when applied stress is removed, the material does not instantly vanish since the internal structure of the material can sustain the stress for some time (relaxation time)
due to the internal stress, the fluid will deform on its own, even when external stresses are removed

24. Shear Stress Behavior Non-Newtonian Fluids
For Newtonian fluids:
For Non-Newtonian fluids:
where h is the apparent viscosity and is not constant for non-Newtonian fluids.

25. Shear Stress Behavior Modeling Power Law Fluids where:
K = flow consistency index
n = flow behavior index

26. Shear Stress Behavior

27. Shear Stress Behavior
Modelling Bingham Plastics
(rigid)