1. Global Sustainability and the Creative Destruction of Industries 8 th of February 2002 Innovation and Technology Transfer -Nuno David -Pedro Nazareth Hart, S. and Milstein, M.B. (1999), “Global Sustainability and the Creative Destruction of Industries”, Sloan Management Review, vol. 41 (1), pp. 23-33.

2. Presentation Framework  Introduction  Continuous Improvement and Creative Destruction  The Global Market and Economies  New Metrics  The author´s general conclusion  Our opinion  A contribution to the course: Eco-Innovation and the “S” curve

3. Introduction Shumpeter: dynamic pattern in which innovative upstarts unseat established firms through a process he called “creative destruction” “Disequilibrium” is the driving force of capitalism rather than the competition under equilibrium conditions The problem: Survival of incumbent firms to an unavoidable episode of “creative destruction” The reason: incumbent firms tends to held hostage by their current technology or market position A key solution: Foresight; perceive trends and weak signals before starters become a threat The premise of the article: Global sustainability is a catalyst for the new round of creative destruction

4. Continuous Improvement and Creative Destruction Greening = Continuous Improvement Global Sustainability = Creative Destruction Improving incrementally the performance of existing products or processes Fosters continuous improvement rather than fundamental innovation Most existing products and processes fail to meet the “sustainable” criterion The challenge of global sustainability must be viewed as a major discontinuity Major business opportunity for fundamental innovation The dynamics of creative destruction will work against firms that rely on incremental improvements

5. Global Market  Consumer Economy (1 billion people)  Purchasing power  Rapid Manufacturing & Distribution of P&S  High levels of consumption  Emerging Economy (2 billion people)  Minimal purchasing power  Rapid Industrialization and Urban Migration  Basic consumer needs / Increasing demand for additional P&S  Survival Economy (3 billion people)  Subsistent oriented  Largely rural and poor  Unnoticed, unmet basic needs

6. Consumer Economy  Large Individual Footprints  Each American “uses” 80 metric tons of materials per year  Very Large Corporate Footprints  Resource and Energy Intensive Industries Chemicals, automobiles, oil and mining  Result of the use of Mature Technologies Price Life-cycle cost The Gap The Questions:  How Large is the Gap?  Where can we dematerialize?  What processes can we add our waste products to? The challenge: Reducing Corporate Footprint

7. Emerging Economy Less than 1/3 world’s population live now in Urban areas. This is estimated to, at least, double in the next few decades The Questions:  Is it environmentally feasible to double or triple our Industry size?  Can we use emerging economies to develop “leapfrog” technologies?  How can we meet growing needs without exacerbating urban problems? The challenge: Avoiding a collision between growing demand and a stable or diminishing stock of material supply  Intensive Industry threatens to jeopardize public health  Repeating performance of the consumer economy is almost certain to lead to environmental meltdown

8. Survival Economy The Questions:  Can our products meet the basic needs of the poor?  Have we overlooked market “vacuums”?  How can we build a customer base that can become more sophisticated over time? The challenge: To meet basic needs  Currently constitutes half the world’s population.  Fast growing demand for basic needs fulfillment.  View as lesser market (“the poor do not make good customers”)  Unprecedented business opportunities for visionaries.  Stabilization of the survival economy is key to sustainable development. Applying State-of-the-art technologies is fundamental.

9. New Metrics Without a clear understanding of how sustainability-driven creative destruction can improve a firm’s economic payoff, it is unlikely that senior managers will commit resources. Tons of Materials / sale Tons of Toxics / sale GHG emissions / sale Public acceptance level Corporate reputation Emissions / sale Water use / sale Land used / Land conserved % Assets in developing Countries Number of jobs created % sales to survival economy Breadth of product availability Social investment vs. Wages Small vs. Large scale Apps Community enhancing vs degrading Metrics Payoffs Earnings Growth Increased EVA/SVA Sales Growth Stock Preference P/E ratio Share of New Wealth Consumer Emerging Survival

10. The Author´s General Conclusion Paradoxal Schumpeter´s vision: -Doubtful about the ability and motivation of incumbent corporations to drive the creative destruction; but aware that large corporations are the ones that have financial, technical and organizational resources Independently, managers who treat sustainable development as an opportunity will drive the creative destruction process These managers to capture sustainable opportunities, must rethink their prevailing views about strategy, technology and markets. The three economies and the metrics will help to identify these opportunities

11. Our Opinion Global Sustainability = Creative Destruction ? Sustainability is not only Economy and Environment, there are other sustainability values... The dynamics of creative destruction will work against firms that rely on incremental improvements ? -On a pure business perspective, yes. -On an environmental, or even an integrated business environmental approach is not so clear (an example is Eco-design) Social value: -Social inequalities -Demographics

12. A contribution to the course: Eco- Innovation and the “S” curve So, Continuous Improvement or Radical Innovation ? -Assimilating the environment in the business is a slow and continuous process. -Long view is needed: Technologies take years or decades to travel from initial idea to commercially viable products